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Take 5 (2/16/12) Where do you find fungi?
Are most fungi multicellular or unicellular? Give an example of a fungus.
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Take 5: 2/24/12 Stolons Zygospores Their spore producing structures
Which hyphae grow horizontally along a surface in order to produce a mycelium? ______________ What is formed when bread mold reproduces sexually? ____________ Fungi are classified into groups by their __________________________________ Stolons Zygospores Their spore producing structures
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Take 5 (2/24/10) Study for Vocabulary Quiz!
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Take 5 (2/25/10) What is formed when bread mold reproduces sexually?
Yeasts usually reproduce asexaully by ____________ Puffballs and mushrooms are examples of ________. zygospores budding Club fungi
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Take 5 (2/17/12) Food is digested ________ a fungus’s cells. This is called ____________. What are the 3 ways that a fungi can reproduce asexually? _________ is a case or sac in which spores are produced. outside Extracellular digestion Fragmentation, budding, or producing spores Sporangium
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Take 5: 2/23/12 Ascomycota chitin Haustoria
Yeasts, truffels, food mold (refrigerator) are examples of ______________ The cell walls of fungi are composed primarily of ______________ Parasitic fungi have developed specialized hyphae that penetrate host cells to absorb nutrients. These hyphae are called __________________ Ascomycota chitin Haustoria
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Chapter 20 Fungi!
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Section 20.1 What is a Fungus?
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I. The Characteristics of Fungi
__________ are everywhere, in the air and ________, on damp basement walls, in gardens, on __________ and sometimes even between people’s __________. Fungi water foods toes
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This patient presented with a case of a periorbital fungal infection known as mucormycosis, or phycomycosis. Mucormycosis is a dangerous fungal infection usually occurring in the immunocompromised patient, affecting the regions of the eye, nose, and through its growth and destruction of the periorbital tissues, it will eventually invade the brain cavity.
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I. The Characteristics of Fungi
The structure of Fungi Most fungi are __________________. Hyphae= threadlike ___________ which develop from fungal ___________ ___________= hyphae that elongate at their tips and branch extensively to form a ______________. There are different types of __________ in a mycelium. Ex: Some __________ the funus, some _________ the food source, and other form fungal ________ structures. The _________ _________ of most fungi contain chitin. multicellular filaments spores Mycelium network hyphae anchor invade reproductive Cell walls
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Inside hyphae Many types of fungi have cross walls called septa that divide hyphae into individual cells that contain one or more nuclei
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Hyphae Functions The hyphae in a mycelium have different functions
some anchor the fungus some invade the food source others form fungal reproductive structures
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I. The Characteristics of Fungi
Inside hyphae Septa = cross walls that ___________ hyphae into individual ___________ that contain __________ or more nuclei. ___________ are usually porous, allowing ___________ and organelles to flow freely. divide cells one Septa cytoplasm
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Inside hyphae Septa allow cytoplasm, organelles, and nutrients to flow freely Some fungi consist of hyphae with no septa There you will see 100’s of nuclei streaming along in a continuous flow of cytoplasm septa
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II. Adaptations of Fungi
Photograph of an individual with “ringworm”, or tinea capitis of the scalp caused by Microsporum gypseum. Although it is rare, M. gypseum, a natural soil habitant, can cause tinea on humans and animals. This fungus usually produces a single inflammatory skin lesion which has scaly patches and hair loss, or broken hair shafts. II. Adaptations of Fungi Fungi can be __________, cause food to _________ or cause diseases. The can also plan an important and beneficial role, they are ____________. The break down complex _________ substances into raw materials that other living organisms ________________. harmful spoil decomposers organic need
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II. Adaptations of Fungi
How fungi obtain Food Fungi are ___________, and they use a process called __________________ to obtain nutrients. Food is digested __________ a fungus's cells, and the digested products are then absorbed. The more a __________ grows, the more surface are becomes available for _________ absorption. heterotrophs Extracellular digestion outside mycelium nutrient
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How fungi obtain food Key to success: The more a mycelium grows, the more surface area becomes available for nutrient absorption
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II. Adaptations of Fungi
Different Feeding Relationships Fungi have different types of ______ _______ They may be a saprophyte ( __________ ), a mutualist (_________ relationship), or a parasite (live off a host) Parasitic fungi may reproduce specialized hyphae called ___________, which penetrate and grow into host cells where they directly absorb the host cells’ ___________. Food sources decomposers symbiotic haustoria nutrients
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saprophytes mutualist parasitic decomposers lichen Insect killer
“Fungus among us” saprophytes mutualist decomposers Ant = fungi farmers lichen parasitic Insect killer
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III. Reproduction in Fungi
A fungus may reproduce __________ or sexually. Asexually by fragmentation, ___________, or producing _________. Fragmentation and Budding In fragmentation, pieces of _________ that are broken off, grow into new mycelia. The __________ fungi called ___________ often reproduce by a process called budding- a form of asexual reproduction in which __________ occurs and a new individual pinches off from the _________, matures and separates from the parent. asexually budding spores hyphae yeasts unicellular mitosis parent
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Fragmentation vs. Budding
Pieces of hyphae break off a mycelium and grows into a new mycelium Seen in unicellular yeast. Mitosis occurs and new individual pinches off from the parent, matures and separates from the parent pieces
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Budding
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III. Reproduction in Fungi
Reproducing by Spores Most fungi produce _________ When conditions are favorable a __________ hyphae emerges and begin to grow forming a new ____________. In some fungi, specialized hyphae grow away from the rest of a mycelium and produce a spore-containing a structure called a ___________- a sac or ________ in which spores are produced. For most fungi, the specialized reproductive hyphal structures where the fungal __________ are reproduced are usually the only part of a fungus you can ___________. Most produce two types of __________, one by mitosis and the other by __________ at different times during their life cycle. spores threadlike mycelium sporangium case spores see spores meiosis
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Reproducing by spores Recall Most fungi produce spores
Spore = reproductive cell that can develop into a new organism Most fungi produce spores
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reproductive hyphal structures are the only part of the fungus you see
How mold grows on bread 1 2 3
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III. Reproduction in Fungi
The Adaptive Advantages of Spores Many adaptive advantages of fungi involve ________ and their _________. First sproangia protect spores until they are ready to be ___________. Second, most fungi produce _________ number of ________ at one time. Producing so many spore increases the ________ rate that improves the species _________ chances. Fungal spores are ___________ and lightweight and can be dispersed by __________, ___________, and animals. spores production released large spores germination survival small wind water
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Amanita phalloides death cap mushroom
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Amanita phalloides These toxic mushrooms resemble several edible species commonly consumed by humans, increasing the risk of accidental poisoning. The toxin damages the liver and kidneys; it is often fatally. It is estimated that half a cap is enough to kill a human. Death occurs 6-16 days after the poisoning. des
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Amanita phalloides The death cap is native to Europe.
The toxicity is not reduced by cooking, freezing, or drying. Consumption of the death cap is a medical emergency requiring hospitalization. Death caps have been reported to taste pleasant. There is a delay in the appearance of symptoms—during which time internal organs are severely, sometimes irreparably, damaged. Initially, symptoms are gastrointestinal in nature and include abdominal pain, with watery diarrhea and vomiting.
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Section 20.2 The Diversity of Fungi
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I. Zygomycota Zygomycotes reproduce __________ by reproducing spores, or sexually by producing another type of spores. The _________ of zygomycotes do not have septa that divide them into individual ________. EX: Rhizopus stol0nifer (bread mold) asexually hyphae cells
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I. Zygomycota Growth and Sexual Reproduction bread grow stolon
When a Rizopus spore settles on a piece of ________, it germinates and hypae begin to _________. Some hyphae called ________ grow horizontally along the surface of the bread producing __________. Some other hyphae form ________ that penetrate the food and _________ the mycelium in the bread. Rhizoids secrete ________ needed for _________ digestion. bread grow stolon mycelium rhizoids anchor enzymes Extracellular
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I. Zygomycota spores hundreds Producing zygospores germinate fungus
Asexual reproduction: _________ develop in the sporangia, when it splits open _________ of spores are released. Those that land on moist food _________. Producing zygospores When the conditions become unfavorable the _________ might reproduce sexually. When zygomycotes reproduce sexually, the produce zygospores- which are thick-walled spores that can withstand bad conditions. Gametangium= a structure containing a haploid nucleus. spores hundreds germinate fungus
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II. Ascomycotes Ascomycota is the _________ phylum of fungi. largest
The yare also called _______ fungus, which refers to the tiny saclike structures called ascus, in which the _________ spores of the fungi develop. The sexual spore are called _________ During sexual reproduction, _______ or clusters as asexual spores celled conidia develop. _______, ________, ___________ disperse these haploid spores. largest sac sexual ascospores chains Wind water and animals
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Ascomycotes conidia Fungal hyphae grow up form the mycelium and elongate to form conidiophores Chains or clusters of asexual spores called conidia develop from the tips of conidiophores conidiophore
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Ascomycotes Phylum Ascomycota (largest phylum) 30,000 species
Aka “sac fungi”
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Yeast Budding! II. Ascomycotes Important Ascomycotes refrigerator
A few types of sac fungi in your __________ in the form of blue-green, red, and brown molds on decaying _________. Some cause _________ diseases. Morels and _______ are two edible members of this phylum Maybe one of the most important is the __________. Yeasts are unicellular _______ fungi that rarely produce hyphae and usually reproduce asexually by __________. refrigerator foods plant truffles yeast sac budding
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Important ascomycetes
In fridge, blue-green, red and brown molds on foods Cause plant disease on farms (i.e. apple scab, ergot of rye) Not all sac fungi have bad reputation ex: morels and truffles
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II. Ascomycotes sugars alcohol genetics chromosomes
Yeasts are anaerobes and ferment _________ to produce carbon dioxide and ethyl _________. They are also important tools for research in ________ because the have large ____________. sugars alcohol genetics chromosomes
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III. Basidiomycotes Badidia and basidiospores club spores
Basidiomycotes have _______-shaped hyphae called basidia – that produce ________ and give them their common name –club fungi. Spores called ____________ are produce in basisia during reproduction. A basidiomycote, such as a _________ has a complex reproductive _________. (pg 539) club spores basidiospores mushroom Life cycle
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Basidomycotes examples: Mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, bird’s nest fungi, bracket fungi
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Basidia and basidospores
These fungi have club-shaped hyphae known as basidia that produce spores known as “basidiospores ”
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IV. Deuteromycotes These have no __________ stage in their life cycle.
Diverse deuteromycotes Deuteromycotes are used in the making of __________ jams, soft drinks, and ___________. sexual foods antibiotics
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Diverse Deuteromycotes
Penicillin (antibiotic) produced from a deuteromycote
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Diverse Deuteromycotes
Deuteromycotes are commonly seen growing on fruit They are used in making soy sauce & blue-veined cheese Also, they are used to produce citric acid for jams, jellies, soft drinks and tart fruit-flavored candies
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V. Mutualism: Mycorrhizae and Lichens
Mycorrhiza is a __________ relationship in which a fungus lives symbiotically with a _________. Most of the _______ that form mycorrhyzae are ____________. The hyphae __________ the absorptive surface of the plants _________, and the fungus receives _________ nutrients such as _________ and amino acids form the plant. About ____ % of all plants species have mycorrhizae associated with their __________. mutualistic plant fungi basidiomycotes increase roots organic sugars 80-90 roots
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Mycorrhizae Mycorrhiza = mutualist relationship in which fungus lives symbiotically with plant
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Mycorrhizae Plants with mycorrhizae grow larger and are more productive Ex: orchids will not germinate without symbiotic fungus to provide water and nutrients
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VI. Lichen The orange, green, and black blotches you see on rocks and trees are form of _________. Lichen is a symbiotic association between a _______ and a photosynthetic green _________ or a cyanobacterium. Lichen need only ______, air, and ________ to grow, the photosynthetic partner provides the ________ for both organisms The fungus, in turn, provides its partner with ________ and _______ that it absorbs. Lichens are __________. Lichens live in a variety of _________, and are indicators of __________. lichens fungus algae light minerals food water nutrients pioneers climates pollution
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Lichens Orange, Green, Black lichens on rocks
Lichen = symbiotic association between a fungus (ascomycote) & photosynthetic green alga or cyanobacterium 20,000 species
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Lichens Lichens are pioneers (the first to colonize a barren area)
They live in arid deserts and the artic tundra where caribou and musk oxen graze on them
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Lichens Lichens are good indicators of pollution levels because when the pollutants enter the fungus, it kills it, ultimately killing the lichen.
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