1. How did Scientific Revolution Change the Way Europeans Looked at the World?
Global History & Geography [Chapter 17]
10th Grade Boys & Girls
Al-Madinah School
December 2, 2018

2. WHAT IS SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION?
An era during the 16th and 17th centuries when new discoveries in natural sciences changed people’s thinking.
It is characterized by the development of scientific method.
Astronomy was most affected

3. Ideas about the universe
Geocentric universe
Ptolemy proposed that the earth is in the center of the universe.
Heavenly bodies are made of lights and they revolve around the earth.
Heliocentric Universe
Polish astronomer Nicholas Copernicus proposed a sun-centered universe after mathematical calculations.
Ideas rejected by everybody.

4. Galileo Galilee Newton & the Universe
Confirmed Copernicus's view by observing the space with telescope
Condemned by the Church for accepting Copernican Ideas
Forced to retract his claim
Newton & the Universe
Built his theories on Copernican and Galileic ideas.
Proved the existence of a gravity
Gave the theory of a universe that follows uniform laws (a predictable universe)

5. Development of Scientific Method
Rene Descartes
Emphasized the power of human reason (father of rationalism)
His famous theory is “Cogito, Ergo Somo.”
Francis Bacon
Stressed on experimentation and observation
Coined the term “Scientific Method”
Gave rise to Scientific method – attaining knowledge through observation and experimentation rather than on past authorities.

6. Steps in Scientific Method
Stating the problem
Collecting Data about the problem
Forming a hypothesis
Experimenting & testing the hypothesis
Recording and analyzing data
Stating a conclusion (theory formulation)
Repeating the steps 1 to 6.

7. Homework
Question 1, 2 and 4 on page 517

8. What were the Characteristics and Impacts of Enlightenment?
Global History & Geography
10th Grade / Br. Siraj
Sunday, December 02, 2018

9. Enlightenment
An 18th century intellectual movement influenced by rationalism and scientific revolution that rejected traditional ideas and introduced new ways of viewing authority, power, government & law.
Leading Philosophers and Thinkers of Enlightenment movement are
John Locke of England
Baron de Montesquieu
Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet) of France
Jean Jacques Rousseau

10. John Locke’s Idea
All people possess certain natural rights – life, liberty and Property
People form governments to protect these rights
If a government does not protect these rights then people can overthrow the government
“Two Treatises of Government” his main work.

11. Baron De Montesquieu Separation of power (3 branches of government):
Legislative, executive & judicial
System of checks and balances
“The Spirit of Laws” is his famous work

12. Voltaire Proposed civil liberties, including:
freedom of religion
Freedom of speech
right to a fair trial.
Believed in enlightened despotism

13. Rousseau Presented his ideas in “The Social Contract”
People are generally good but get corrupted by the evils of the society
But agreeing to form a government people give up their own interests for common good
The idea of majority rule

14. Impact of Enlightenment
Government Censorship
Governments and church did not like enlightenment ideas
They used censorship to stop the spreading of the ideas
Writers were thrown into prison
Books were banned and burned

15. Impact of Enlightenment
Rise of Enlightened Despots – absolute rulers who used their power to reform society
Maria Theresa of Austria
Reformed tax system – forced nobles and clergy to pay taxes
Made primary education available to children in her kingdom

16. Joseph II – Maria Theresa’s son
Expanded his mother’s reforms
Merit based system for government jobs
Legal reform
Practiced religious toleration, ended censorship and abolished serfdom

17. Catherine the Great of Russia
Asked advice from nobles, free peasants and townspeople
Built schools, hospitals and promoted women’s education
Extended religious tolerance
Homework
questions 1, 2 and 7 on page 525