1. OTHER MOTIVATIONS

2. AFFILIATION MOTIVE
DEF: the need to associate with others and maintain special bonds
Humans are social creatures
Quality of relationships is a major determinant of happiness

3. AFFILIATION MOTIVE CONTINUED
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) measures strength of affiliation
People who score high devote more time to interpersonal activities and worry more about acceptance

4. ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVE
DEF: the need to master difficult challenges, to out-perform others, and to meet high standards of excellence
The desire to excel, especially in competition

5. ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVE CONTINUED
High scores on TAT tend to work harder and more persistently than low scores
They are more future-oriented
They seek competitive, entrepreneurial occupations

6. SITUATIONAL DETERMINANTS OF ACHIEVEMENT BEHAVIOR
Strength of one’s motivation to achieve success
One’s estimate of the probability of success
Incentive value of success

7. FEAR OF FAILURE Motivation to avoid failure varies
Emotion can cause motivation
Motivation can cause emotion

8. THE ELEMENTS OF EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE
Emotion: involves 1)a subjective conscious experience accompanied by 2)bodily arousal and by 3)characteristic overt expressions

9. COGNITIVE COMPONENT: SUBJECTIVE FEELINGS
Emotion is highly subjective
Involves an evaluative aspect
Each person has to characterize their own emotions

10. PHYSIOLOGICAL COMPONENT: DIFFUSE AND MULTIFACETED
Emotions are accompanied by a visceral arousal
Most physiological arousal is assoc. with the autonomic nervous system
Galvanic skin response (GSR): an increase in the electrical conductivity of the skin that occurs when sweat glands increase their activity

11. NEURAL CIRCUITS Amygdala plays a role in the modulation of emotion
Thalamus sends info to amygdala
Amygdala responds quickly if threat detected
Prefrontal cortex responsible for processing meaning of emotional events

12. BEHAVIORAL COMPONENT: NONVERBAL EXPRESSIVENESS
Emotions are expressed in “body language”
Facial expressions reveal variety of basic emotions
Facial-feedback hypothesis: facial muscles send signals to the brain and these signals help the brain recognize the emotion that one is experiencing
Facial expressions may be innate

13. CROSS-CULTURAL SIMILARITIES IN EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE
Tribes with no exposure to modern society correctly identified emotions displayed by facial expressions

14. CROSS-CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE
Differences shown in how people think about and express emotions
Display rules: norms that regulate the appropriate expression of emotions. They prescribe when, how, and to whom people can show various emotions

15. THEORIES OF EMOTION

16. JAMES-LANGE THEORY
The conscious experience of emotion results from one’s perception of autonomic arousal
So, emotion is caused by the physiological reactions to stimuli

17. CANNON-BARD THEORY
Emotion occurs when the thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the cortex and to the autonomic nervous system

18. SCHACHTER’S TWO-FACTOR THEORY
Experience of emotion depends on 2 factors:
Autonomic arousal
Cognitive interpretation of that arousal
--When you experience a visceral arousal, you search your environment for an explanation
--Combines James-Lange and Canon-Bard theories

19. EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES OF EMOTION
Emotions are a result of adaptation
Emotions are innate
Emotions evolved before thought
8-10 primary emotions
Other emotions come from 1) a blend of the primaries and 2) variations in intensity of the emotions