1. Section 4 – pg 534 Struggles for Justice
Chapter 15
Section 4 – pg 534
Struggles for Justice

2. African Americans AAs faced discrimination across the nation Pg 534
Landlords refused to rent homes to them
Were restricted to the worst housing and jobs

3. Booker T. Washington Born into slavery Taught himself to read
Pg 534
Booker T. Washington
Born into slavery
Taught himself to read
Worked in the coal mines
Went to school when he could
1881: helped found the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama
Offered training in industrial and agricultural skills

4. Washington advised AAs to learn trades and seek to move up in societyPg
Washington advised AAs to learn trades and seek to move up in society
Thought they would eventually have the money and power to demand equality
His practical approach won support from businesses leaders like Carnegie and Rockefeller
Helped him build trade schools for AAs
Presidents sought his advice on racial issues

5. W.E.B. Du Bois First AA to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard University
Pg 535
W.E.B. Du Bois
First AA to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard University
Criticized Washington for being willing to accept segregation
Urged AAs to fight discrimination
1909, joined Jane Addams and other reformers in forming the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
White and blacks in the NAACP worked hard for equal rights for AAs

6. Campaign Against Lynching
Pg 535
Campaign Against Lynching
In the 1890s, more than 1,000 AAs were victims of lynching, murder by mob
Violence against AAs grew worse in the depression of 1893, when jobless white took their anger out on blacks

7. Murders outraged Ida B. Wells, a AA journalist
Pg 536
Murders outraged Ida B. Wells, a AA journalist
In her newspaper, Free Speech, urged AAs to protest lynching
Called for a boycott of segregated streetcars and white-owned stores
Continued to speak out despite receiving threats on her life

8. Setbacks and Successes
Pg 536
Setbacks and Successes
Few white Progressives gave much thought to AA problems
President Wilson ordered segregation for workers in the federal civil service
“not humiliating, but a benefit”
Some AAs still succeeded
George Washington Carver discovered
hundreds of uses for peanuts and
other crops grown in the South
Sarah Walker created a line of hair
products for AAs
Became the first American woman
to earn more than $1million

9. Pg 536
Black-owned insurance companies, banks, and other businesses served AAs
Black colleges trained young ppl for professions
Churches became training grounds for future AA leaders

10. Pg 537
Mexican Americans
By 1900, half a million Mexican Americans lived in the US
Often faced legal segregation
1910: San Angelo, Texas built new schools for its white students, MA children were forced to go to separate, inferior schools

11. Increased Immigration
Pg 537
Increased Immigration
1910: revolution and famine swept through Mexico
Thousands of Mexicans fled to the US
Many were poor farmers
90% settled in the Southwest
Ppl who could not find jobs moved to the Midwest, and the Rocky Mtn region

12. Daily Life Mexican immigrants often worked as field hands Pg 537
Some helped build railroads
Others worked in factories in harsh conditions
Were paid less than white workers and were often denied skilled jobs

13. Sought to preserve their language and culture
Pg 537
Sought to preserve their language and culture
Created barrios: ethnic Mexican American neighborhoods
LA had the nations largest barrio
Formed mutualistas, mutual aid groups
Pooled money to pay for insurance and legal advice
Collected money for the sick and needy

14. Pg 538
Asian Americans
The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 kept Chinese from settling in the US
Employers on the West Coast and Hawaii started to hire ppl from other Asian countries, such as the Philippines and Japan

15. Pg 538
Japanese Immigrants
More than 100,000 Japanese entered the US in the early 1900s
Most went to work on the sugar plantations in Hawaii
When the US annexed Hawaii in 1898, many decided to move to the mainland
Many settled on what was thought to be barren land that they turned profitable

16. A Gentlemen’s Agreement
Pg 538
A Gentlemen’s Agreement
1906: SF forced all Asian students to attend separate schools
Japan protested the insult causing an international crisis
Unions put pressure on Roosevelt to limit Japanese immigration
Roosevelt did not want to anger a growing navel power
Condemned segregated schools and proposed he would restrict immigration if they ended segregation

17. 1907: Roosevelt reached a “Gentlemen’s Agreement” with Japan
Pg 538
1907: Roosevelt reached a “Gentlemen’s Agreement” with Japan
Japan would stop any more workers from going to the US
The US would allowed Japanese women to join their husbands who were already in the country
Anti-Japanese feeling remained high
1913: CA banned Asians who were not citizens from owning land

18. Religious Minorities Religious Minorities also faced prejudice Pg 539
Nativist groups, like the Anti-Catholic American Protective Association, worked to restrict immigration
Jews and Catholics who were native born faced discrimination in jobs and housing
Schools were also Anti-Catholic
Teachers lectured against the Pope
Textbooks contained references to “deceitful Catholics”
The Catholics decided to set up their own parochial schools, schools sponsored by the church

19. Anti-Semitism: prejudice against Jews 1913: Georgia – Leo Frank,
Pg 539
Anti-Semitism: prejudice
against Jews
1913: Georgia – Leo Frank,
a Jewish man, was falsely
accused of murdering a young girl
Despite lack of evidence, was sentenced to death
Governor reduced sentence
Mob took Frank from prison and lynched him
American Jews founded the Anti-Defamation League
Defamation: the spread of false, hateful information
Worked to promote understanding and fight prejudice against Jews