1. India and the Indian Ocean Basin
Chapter 15
India and the Indian Ocean Basin
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2. The Quest for Centralized Imperial Rule
Invasion of White Huns from central Asia beginning 451 C.E.
Gupta state collapsed mid-sixth century
Chaos in northern India
Local power struggles
Invasions of Turkish nomads, absorbed into Indian society
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3. King Harsha (r. 606–648 C.E.)
Temporary restoration of unified rule in north India
Religiously tolerant
Buddhist by faith
Generous support for poor
Patron of the arts
Wrote three plays
Assassinated, no successor able to retain control
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4. The Introduction of Islam to Northern India
Arabs conquered Sind (northwest India), 711 C.E.
Sind stood at the fringe of the Islamic world
Heterodox population, but held by Abbasid dynasty to 1258 C.E.
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5. Merchants and Islam Arabic trade with India predated Islam
Dominated trade between India and the west to fifteenth century
Established local communities in India
Port city of Cambay
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6. Mahmud of Ghazni Leader of the Turks in Afghanistan
Raids into India, 1001–1027 C.E.
Plundered, destroyed Hindu and Buddhist temples
Somnath Hindu Temple of Gujarat, 1025 C.E.
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7. The Sultanate of Delhi Consolidation of Mahmud’s raiding territory
Capital: Delhi
Ruled northern India 1206–1526 C.E.
Weak administrative structure
Reliance on cooperation of Hindu kings
Nineteen out of thirty-five sultans assassinated
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8. Hindu Kingdoms of Southern India
Chola kingdom, 850–1267 C.E.
Maritime power
Not highly centralized
Kingdom of Vijayanagar
Mid-fourteenth century to 1565 C.E.
Northern Deccan
Originally supported by sultanate of Delhi
Leaders renounced Islam in 1336 C.E.
Yet maintained relations with sultanate
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9. Major States of Postclassical India, 600–1600 C.E.
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10. Agriculture in the Monsoon World
Spring/summer: rains, wind from southwest
Fall/winter: dry season, wind from northeast
Seasonal irrigation crucial to avoid drought, famine
Especially southern India
Massive construction of reservoirs, canals, tunnels
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11. The Trading World of the Indian Ocean Basin, 600–1600 C.E.
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12. Population Growth in India
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13. Trade and Economic Development in Southern India
Indian regional economies largely self-sufficient
Certain products traded throughout subcontinent
Iron, copper, salt, pepper
Southern India profited from political instability in north
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14. Temples and Society More than religious centers
Centers of coordination of irrigation, other agricultural work
Some temples had large landholdings
Education providers
Banking services
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15. Cross-Cultural Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin
Increased trade in postclassical period
Larger ships
Dhows, junks
Improved organization of agricultural efforts
Establishment of emporia
Cosmopolitan port cities as warehouses for trade
Specialized products developed (cotton, high-carbon steel)
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16. The Kingdom of Axum Example of trade-driven development
Founded in the highlands of northern Ethiopia about first century C.E.
Adopted Christianity
Displaced Kush as Egyptian link to the south
Destruction of Kushan capital Meroë ca. 360 C.E.
Major territorial expansion to late sixth century
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17. Challenges to Caste and Society
Migrations
Growth of Islam
Urbanization
Economic development
Development of jati (subcastes), similar to workers’ guilds
Expansion of caste system from north to south
Promoted by temples, educational system
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18. Religious Developments
Jainism, Buddhism lost much of following
Buddhism displaced as Turkish invasions destroyed holy sites, temples
Destruction of library of Nalanda by Muslim forces, 1196
Thousands of monks exiled
Hindu and Islamic traditions prevailed
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19. The Increasing Popularity of Hinduism
Growth of devotional cults
Especially Vishnu, Shiva
Promise of salvation
Especially popular in southern India
Expansion to north
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20. Hinduism and Philosophy
Shankara, brahmin philosopher of ninth century
Devotee of Shiva
Synthesized Hindu writings in Platonic form
Preferred rigorous logical analysis to emotional devotion
Ramanuja, brahmin philosopher eleventh to early twelfth century
Challenged Shankara’s emphasis on logic
Laid philosophical foundations of contemporary Hinduism
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21. Conversion to Islam
Twenty-five million converts by 1500 C.E.(quarter of total population)
Possibilities of social advancement for lower-caste Hindus
In fact, improved social standing rarely achieved through conversion
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22. Sufis Personal, emotional, devotional approaches to Islam
Important missionaries of Islam to India
Some flexibility regarding local customs
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23. The Bhakti Movement
Attempt to bring Hinduism and Islam closer together
Twelfth-century southern Hindu movement, spread to north
Guru Kabir (1440–1518 C.E.)
Taught that Shiva, Vishnu, Allah all manifestations of one deity
Largely unsuccessful
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24. Indian Influence in Southeast Asia
Influence dates from 500 B.C.E.
Evidence of Indian ideas and traditions
Kingship
Religions (Hinduism, Buddhism)
Literature
Caste system not as influential
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25. The States of Southeast Asia
Funan
Lower Mekong River, first to sixth century C.E.
Kingdom of Srivijaya
Centered in Sumatra, 670–1025 C.E.
Kingdom of Angkor
Region of Cambodia, beginning in ninth century
Magnificent religious city complexes
Abandoned 1431 C.E.
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26. Early States of Southeast Asia: Funan and Srivijaya, 100–1025 C.E.
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27. Later States of Southeast Asia: Angkor, Singosari, and Majapahit, 889–1520 C.E.
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28. The Arrival of Islam Early populations of Muslim traders
Increasing popularity with Sufi activity
Many conversions, retaining some Hindu or Buddhist traditions
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29. Melaka
Founded late fourteenth century C.E. by rebellious prince from Sumatra
Dominated maritime trade routes
Mid-fifteenth century, conversion to Islam of Melakan ruling class
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