1. ES Chapter 4 The Organization of Life

2. Bellringer Record this in your Ecolog

3. Today’s Objectives
Distinguish between the biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem.
Describe how a population differs from a species.
Explain how habitats are important for organisms.

4. I. Ecosystems: Everything is Connected
Ecosystem – all of the organisms living in an area together with their physical environment
-oak forest, coral reef, vacant lot
Ecosystems themselves are connected to one another

5. Ecosystems are communities of organisms and their abiotic environment.
Examples are an oak forest or a coral reef.
Ecosystems do not have clear boundaries.
Things move from one ecosystem to another. Pollen can blow from a forest into a field, soil can wash from a mountain into a lake, and birds migrate from state to state.

7. A. Components of an Ecosystem
In order to survive, ecosystems need five basic components – energy, mineral nutrients, water, oxygen, and living organisms
Energy for most ecosystems comes from the sun
Ecosystem is like a car where all the hundreds of parts that must work together for the car to run
-if any part doesn’t function, the entire system may be affected
Ecosystems are made of both living and nonliving things

8. Classifying
Biotic factors are environmental factors that are associated with or results from the activities of living organisms which includes plants, animals, dead organisms, and the waste products of organisms.
Abiotic factors are environmental factors that are not associated with the activities of living organisms which includes air, water, rocks, and temperature.
Scientists can organize these living and nonliving things into various levels.

9. Biotic Factors
– the living and once living parts of an ecosystem including all of the plants and animals
-dead organisms, dead parts of organisms like leaves, organisms waste products
-they interact with each other in various ways

10. Abiotic Factors – the nonliving parts of the ecosystem
-air, water, rocks, sand, light, and temperature
Living things are organized into various levels – ecological organization

11. Organisms are living things that can carry out life processes independently.
You are an organism, as is and ant, and ivy plant, and each of the many bacteria living in your intestines.
Every organism is a member of a species.
Species are groups of organisms that are closely related can can mate to produce fertile offspring.

12. Organization Of Living Things 4 Levels
-Organism – an individual living thing
-Species – a group of organisms that are closely related and that can mate and produce fertile offspring
Members of a species may not all live in the same place

13. Organization Of Living Things 4 Levels
Population – all the members of the same species that live in the same place at the same time
-in a population, its members usually breed with one another rather than with members of other populations
For example, bison will usually mate with another member of the same herd, just as wildflowers will usually be pollinated by other flowers in the same field.

14. Organization Of Living Things 4 Levels
Community – a group of various species that live in the same place and interact with each other
-a pond community – includes all the populations of plants, fish, and insects that live in and around the pond
-land communities are dominated by a few species of plants, which in turn, determines what other organisms live in that community

15. B. Habitat Habitat – the place an organism lives
-every habitat has specific characteristics that the organisms that live there need to survive
-if any of these factors change, the habitat changes
-organisms are well-suited to their natural habitats and cannot survive for long periods of time away from them

16. Bellringer

17. Today’s Objectives
Explain the process of evolution by natural selection.
Explain the concept of adaptation.
Describe the steps by which a population of insects becomes resistant to pesticide.

18. II. Evolution A. Evolution by Natural Selection
1859 – Charles Darwin observed that organisms in a population differ slightly from each other in form, function and behavior.
-some differences are hereditary
-he proposed the environment exerts a strong influence over which individuals survive to produce offspring
-some individuals because of certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than other individuals

19. Natural Selection
-Natural selection – the unequal survival and reproduction that results from the presence or absence of certain traits
Darwin proposed that over many generations natural selection causes the characteristics of a population to change.

20. Natural Selection

21. Evolution
Evolution – a change in the genetic characteristics of a population from one generation to the next
Nature selects for certain traits because organisms with these traits are more likely to survive and reproduce
Over time, the population includes a greater and greater proportion of organisms with the beneficial trait.

22. Adaptation
Adaptation – an inherited trait that increases an organism’s chance of survival and reproduction in a certain environment
Other organisms, not just the environment can cause a species to evolve.
-when two species evolve in response to long-term interactions with each other is called coevolution

23. B. Evolution by Artificial Selection
Plants and animals that are cared for by humans can exhibit artificial selection.
Artificial selection – is the selective breeding of organisms by humans for specific characteristics
The fruits, grains, and vegetables we eat were also produced by artificial selection

24. Artificial Selection Many populations are domesticated.
Domesticated animals and plants have traits that have essentially been controlled by humans.
Look at Pg. 106 – selective breeding gives us the dog breed we like – Chihuauah and wolf are the same family Canis
Food is also selectively bred for sweetness disease resistance and size

25. Evolution of Resistance
Sometimes unwanted adaptations occur
Sometimes humans cause populations of organisms to evolve unwanted adaptations.
Resistance – the ability of one or more organisms to tolerate a particular chemical designed to kill it
-the organism may contain a gene that allows it to break the chemical down to harmless substances Pesticide resistance

26. Pesticides
-the few that survive a pesticide application reproduce and pass the gene to their offspring
-each time the population is sprayed, the insect population changes to include more and more resistant members
-after many sprayings the entire population may be resistant making the pesticide useless
The faster the organism reproduces, the faster its populations can evolve.
Causes humans to want to develop more and more toxic pesticides

27. Page 107 Fig. 11
A pesticide sprayed on corn to kill grasshoppers, for example, may kill most of the grasshoppers, but those that survive happen to have a gene that protects them from the pesticide. These surviving insects pass on this resistant gene to their offspring.
Each time the corn is sprayed, more resistant grasshoppers enter the population. Eventually the entire population will be resistant, making the pesticide useless.

28. Insect Pesticide Resistance

29. Calculate % Change

30. Bellringer

31. Today’s Objectives
Name the six kingdoms of organisms and identify two characteristics of each.
Explain the importance of bacteria and fungi in the environment.
Describe the importance of protists in the ocean environment.
Describe how angiosperms and animals depend on each other.
Explain why insects are such successful animals.

32. 6 Kingdoms

33. 6 Kingdoms
Most scientists classify organisms into six kingdoms based on different characteristics.
Members of the six kingdoms get their food in different ways and are made up of different types of cells, the smallest unit of biological organization.
The cells of animals, plants, fungi, and protists all contain a nucleus. While cells of bacteria, fungi, and plants all have cell walls.

34. A. Bacteria
Bacteria – microscopic, single-celled organisms that usually have cell walls and reproduce by dividing in
half
-lack nuclei – prokaryotic cells
-two types of bacteria – archaebacteria and eubacteria
-most bacteria that cause disease, found in garden soil, etc. are eubacteria
-bacteria live in every habitat on Earth
H1N1 and antibiotics (virus)

35. Bacteria Bacteria play many important roles in the environment
-break down remains and wastes of other organisms and return the nutrients to the soil - decomposers
-recycle mineral nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus

36. Bacteria
-convert nitrogen in the air into nitrogen compounds plants can use – nitrogen fixation
-nitrogen is important because it is a main component of proteins and genetic material
-allow many organisms, including humans, to extract nutrients from their food
Legumes – soybeans, locust trees, peas…..have a symbiotic relationship with these bacteria

37. B. Fungi
Fungus – an organism whose cells have nuclei, cell walls, and no chlorophyll (pigment that makes plants green)
Mushroom is the reproductive structure of the fungus, the rest is an underground network of fibers which
absorb food from decaying organisms in the soil

38. Fungi
Fungi play an important role in the environment by breaking down the bodies and body parts of dead organisms - decomposers
Some cause disease – like athlete’s foot
Give flavor to food – the blue in bleu cheese
Fungi called yeasts – produce the gas that makes bread rise
What kind of gas is released whem yeast ferment sugars?

39. C. Protists
Protists – a diverse group of organisms that belong to the kingdom Protista
-some are animallike – amoebas while others are plantlike – like kelp
-most are one-celled microscopic organisms

40. Protists -diatoms-float on the ocean surface
-Plasmodium-protist that causes malaria
-Algae is the most important protest – plant-like protists that use photosynthesis
-range from giant kelp to phytoplankton

41. D. Plants Many celled organisms that use photosynthesis Eukaryotic
Have cell walls

42. Plants
Most plants live on land where the resources a plant needs are separated between the air and the soil
-sunlight, oxygen and carbon dioxide in the air
-minerals and water are in the soil
Lower plants – first land plants -cannot grow very large – mosses and ferns

43. Gymnosperms
Gymnosperms – woody plants whose seeds are not enclosed in fruit
-pine trees and other evergreens
-conifers – cone-bearing

44. Gymnosperms
-have several adaptations that allow them to live in drier conditions
-produce pollen – protects and moves sperm between plants
-produce seeds which protect developing plants from drying out
-needle-like leaves lose little water
-make much of our lumber and paper

45. Angiosperms Angiosperms – most land plants – produce seeds in fruit
-grasses, flower producing plants

46. Angiosperms
-depends on birds, bees and other animals to distribute pollen and seeds
-most land animals are dependent on flowering plants
-wheat, rice, beans, oranges, lettuce
-building materials and fibers like oak and cotton

47. E. Animals
Animals cannot make their own food – have to take in all their food from the environment
Animal cells have no cell walls, so their bodies are soft and flexible

48. Invertebrates Invertebrates – animals that lack backbones
-most live attached to hard surfaces in the ocean and filter their food out of the water
-they move around as larvae – and are part of the ocean’s plankton
-corals, worms, mollusks like clams and oysters
-also squid and insects

49. Insects More insects exist on earth than any other type of animal
-have a waterproof skeleton, move quickly, reproduce quickly
-most can fly, small size allows them to live on little food, hide from enemies

50. Insects
Many insects and plants have evolved together and depend on each other for survival
-insects carry pollen from male parts of flowers to fertilize a plant’s egg which develops into a fruit
-without insects we would not have tomatoes, cucumbers, apples, and many other crops
Insects are also valuable because they eat other insects that we consider to be pests

51. Insects
Bloodsucking insects transmit diseases like malaria, sleeping sickness, West Nile virus
Malaria and Plasmodium Click here
Do most damage by eating our crops

52. Vertebrates Vertebrates – animals that have backbones
-3 vertebrate groups – amphibian- toad, frog, salamanders – lay eggs in water

53. Vertebrates
reptiles – turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodiles – lay eggs on land away from predators
-cold-blooded
mammals – warm-blooded, have fur, feed young milk
being warm-blooded enables birds and mammals to live in cold areas where others cannot survive

54. Memorization Tip