1. Biology Notes Biochemistry Part 4 Pages 50-56

2. Standards
2.7 Describe the structures of proteins and amino acids. Explain the functions of proteins in living organisms. Identify some reactions that amino acids undergo. Relate the structure and function of enzymes.
2.8 Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts that lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions. Identify factors such as pH and temperature, and their effect on enzyme activity.

3. Essential Question 1. Why are enzymes important to us and what
Influences their actions?

4. I. Chemical Reactions
Chemical Reaction = a process that changes one set of ___________ into another
In a chemical reaction, chemical ________ must be broken and new ________ formed
reactants = the chemicals that ______ the reaction and undergo transformation
chemicals
bonds
bonds
enter

5. products = the chemicals that _____ the reaction
e.g.
exit

6. II. Reactions that Build & Break Polymers
Most nutrients as well as nucleic acids are also _______________ or giant molecules. Once food is taken into the body, these large molecules are _______ down and used to build other ___________
macromolecules
broken
molecules

7. A. Building Polymers (Macromolecules)
Dehydration Synthesis = the process that occurs to make __________ by removing _______ and forming _________ bonds between ___ monomers
polymers
water
covalent 2

9. This process occurs to join:
amino acids into _________
nucleotides into ____________
monosaccharides into _____________ which can join together to form polysaccharides
proteins
nucleic acids
disaccharides

10. B. Breaking Polymers (Macromolecules)
Hydrolysis = the process that occurs to break the _________ bonds in polymers by adding ______ and results in smaller __________
in the body this is known as _________
covalent
water
monomers
digestion

12. This process occurs to break down:
proteins into _______ acids
nucleic acids into ____________
polysaccharides into ______________ which can be broken down to _________________
amino
nucleotides
disaccharides
monosaccharides

13. III. Speeding Chemical Reactions
energy
Activation energy = the amount of ________ required to ______ a chemical reaction
start

14. A. Catalysts & Enzymes
Catalyst = any substance that _______ up a chemical reaction
catalysts lower the amount of __________ energy needed for a reaction to ______
Enzyme = a type of protein that acts as a __________ for specific chemical __________
speeds
activation
begin
catalyst
reaction

15. enzymes lower the amount of __________ energy in a chemical reaction
e.g.
activation

16. Enzymes are named for the __________ reaction they act as a _________ on
enzymes usually end in ______
e.g.
chemical
catalyst
- ase
lipase = acts on lipids
protease = acts on proteins

17. B. The Lock & Key Model: How Enzymes Work
the enzyme is the _______ and has a specific _______ where only certain substrates will fit
substrate = the reactants of a chemical _________ on which the enzymes will act upon
the substrate or _____ will fit into the reaction at the ________ site
e.g.
“lock”
shape
reaction
“key”
active
see page 56

19. C. Enzymes Denatured
Denaturization = the destruction of an _________
denaturization can occur through changes in _____________, pH, pressure, or other ______________ called inhibitors
if enzymes are ___________, they can lose their structure and cannot ___________
enzyme
temperature
chemicals
denatured
function