1. The Rise of Totalitarianism
Chapter 28

2. Postwar Social Changes
Section 1

3. Changes in Society After WWI
New technologies, like cars, improved telephones, and radios, brought people around the world closer than ever before
The Roaring Twenties
Jazz music became popular on radio, and mucisians like Louis Armstrong ushered in the Jazz Age
While Europe recovered from the war, the US experienced a boom time of freedom and willingness to experiment, which was also embraced in Europe
One symbol of this freedom was the flapper, a “liberated young woman”

4. Changes in Society After WWI
Women’s Lives
Although flappers were highly visible, they were a minority- most women saw limited progress post-war
Women held a wide-range of jobs during the war, but most left them after the war ended
This work helped women gain the vote in some western countries, and a few women were elected to public office
New labor-saving devices (washing machine, vacuum) became common, giving women time outside the home
Women began pursuing careers in many fields, but most professions were still dominated by men

5. Changes in Society After WWI
Reactions to Jazz Age
Americans supported prohibition, the ban of alcoholic beverages
This led to an explosion of speakeasies- illegal bars- and eventually Prohibition was repealed in 1933
Christian fundamentalist movement (belief that the bible is literal) swept the US in rural areas
Tennessee teacher John T. Scopes tried for teaching evolution in his class- accused of breaking law that barred teaching idea that went against the bible- found guilty

6. New Literature
Breakdown of faith in morality of Western civilization after WWI
T.S. Eliot writes The Waste Land
Ernest Hemingway writes The Sun Also Rises
Stream of Consciousness to portray everyday life
Mrs. Dalloway- Virginia Wolfe
Finnegan’s Wake- James Joyce

7. Modern Art and Architecture
New Scientific Theories
Marie Curie and Radioactivity
Einstein's Theory of Relativity
Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin (antibiotic)
Sigmund Freud studies the subconscious mind, pioneers psychoanalysis
Modern Art and Architecture
Many Western artists rejected traditional styles- Matisse, Picasso
Abstract and Dada movements burst into the art world
Architects began science and technology with design- Frank Lloyd Wright

8. The Western Democracies Stumble
Section 2

9. Politics in the Postwar World
Party Struggles in Britain
In Britain during the 1920s, the Labour party surpassed the Liberal party (middle-class business men) in strength
With the Liberal party faltering, the middle-class began backing the Conservative party, joining upper-class, professionals, and farmers
With this support, the Conservative party held power through much of the 1920s
Passed legislation in 1928 limiting power of workers to strike

10. Politics in the Postwar World
Irish Independence at Last
In 1919, members of the Irish Republican Party (IRA) began a guerilla war against British forces and their supporters in response to not being granted home rule
In 1922, an agreement was reached that most of Ireland would become the self-governing Irish Free State, and the Protestant north would remain under British rule
IRA fought division for decades

11. Politics in the Postwar World
France’s Troubled Peace
France emerged from WWI both a victor and a loser
Political divisions and financial scandals plagued the government

12. Politics in the Postwar World
“The Red Scare” and Isolationism in the US
In contrast, the US came out of WWI in good shape
However, fear of radicals and the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia set off a “red scare” in and 1920
Police rounded up and expelled suspected foreign radicals
This fear led to demands to limit immigration, and congress passed laws limited immigration from Europe

13. Postwar Foreign Policy
Arguing Allies
France’s biggest concern was securing borders against Germany
To prevent foreign invasion, France build massive fortifications called the Maginot Line along its border with Germany
France also strengthened its military and sought alliances with other countries, like the USSR, and strictly enforced the Treaty of Versailles
British leaders disagreed, and wanted to relax the harsh treatment of Germany

14. Postwar Foreign Policy
The Search for Peace
Despite disagreements, hopes soared in 1925 when representatives from 7 European nations signed treaties in Locarno, Switzerland, to settle Germany’s disputed borders
The Kellogg-Briand Pact, sponsored by the US in 1929, was an agreement among almost every independent nation to “renounce war” (not go to war)
The great powers pursued disarmament, the reduction of armed forces and weapons
Treaties were signed by the US, Britain, France, Japan, and other nations to reduce navies, but not armies
Germany and the Soviet Union join League of Nations

15. Postwar Foreign Policy
The League’s Weakness
Kellogg-Briand Pact outlawed war, but had no way of being enforced
The League of Nations was too weak to stop aggressions
The League condemned Japan for invading Manchuria, but they did not take any military action to stop it
Ambitious dictators in Europe noted the League’s weakness

16. Postwar Economics Britain and France Recover The US Booms
Britain faced serious economic problems in the 1920s- deeply in debt, wages low, frequent strikes
In 1926, a general strike (strike across many industries) lasted for 9 days and involved 3 million workers
French economy recovered fairly rapidly, helped by reparations and territories gained from Germany, but there were still economic swings
Despite issues, Europe made a shaky recovery and gradually unemployment stopped being a problem
The US Booms
In contrast, the US came out of the war the world’s leading economic power
American loans and investments backed recovery in Europe
As long as American economy prospered, the global economy was stable

17. The Great Depression Falling Demand and Overproduction
The wealth in the US in the 1920s was not shared by all- farmers and unskilled workers on losing end
Demand for raw materials and agriculture dropped after the war and prices fell, causing farmers, miners and suppliers to suffer
Because this group earned less, they bought less
However, technology allowed factories to produce goods faster, and they continued to churn out products, leading to overproduction
Factories had to cut back, and workers lost jobs

18. The Great Depression Crash and Collapse
A financial crisis was also brewing
Prices on the New York Stock Exchange were at an all- time high, and investors acquired stocks through risky methods
To slow the stock exchange, the Federal Reserve raised interest rates in 1928 and 1929, making people nervous about investing
These jitters caused many people to sell their stocks at once, and stock prices crashed
In 1931, the Federal Reserve raised interest rates again, and many businesses and banks failed, throwing millions out of work

19. The Great Depression The Depression Spreads
Economic problems quickly spread around the world as American banks stopped making loans abroad and demanded repayment of loans
Without US support, Germany suffered and could not make its reparation payments
Governments tried to protect their economies from foreign competition by imposing very high tariffs, and global trade sank

20. Demand falls World Wide Depression / The Great Depression
The World Wide Great Depression Cycle…
Demand falls
Europeans cannot afford American Goods
Overall U.S. production plummets
Allies cannot pay debts to United States
U.S. investors have little or no money to invest
German war payments to Allies fall off
U.S. investments in Germany decline

21. The Democracies React to Depression
Britain and France search for solutions, but fail to make major improvements
Roosevelt offers the New Deal, a massive package of social and economic reforms, to the US
Improves suffering, but does not end Depression
Expands the role of government
Many people begin to lose faith in democracy as the Depression wore on

22. Post-War Democracies Skit

23. Fascism in Italy
Section 3

24. As you read section 3, fill out the graphic organizers carefully
As you read section 3, fill out the graphic organizers carefully! These will be your notes for the section!