1. The INTEGUMENTARY System

2. Skin Largest organ FYI: About six pounds on average per person
3 layers

3. Functions of the Skin Protection Regulation of Body Temperature
Reception of Stimuli
Excretion
Synthesis of Vitamin D
Immunological Function

4. EPIDERMIS Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale

5. Dermis True skin Blood vessels Nerves Hair follicles
Sudoriferous glands (sweat)
Sebaceous glands (oil)
Ceruminous glands

6. Hypodermis Contains fat cells
Has deep nerve endings that detect pressure
Blood vessels

7. Sudoriferous Glands (Sweat Glands)
Secrete sweat
Regulates body temperature - evaporation
Eliminates some waste products
Two types of sweat glands:
Apocrine Glands
Eccrine Glands

8. Apocrine Sweat Glands FYI
Skin of axilla, pubic region, pigmented areas of the body
Secrete thickened sweat that promotes the growth of bacteria
Active during periods of emotional stress

9. Eccrine Sweat Glands FYI
Distributed throughout the body
Secrete watery sweat to lower temp
Density can be as high as 3000 per square inch in palms of the hands

10. Sebaceous Glands Oil glands next to hair follicles
Secrete oily substance – sebum (mixture of fats, cholesterol, protein and inorganic salts)
Keeps hair from drying out & becoming brittle
Keeps skin soft & pliable
Inhibits growth of certain bacteria

11. Hair (Pili) Grows from epidermis Function is protection
guards the scalp from injury and sunlight
eyebrows - eyelashes protect the eye
ears and nostrils keep out foreign objects
Helps regulate body temperature
Touch receptors with hair follicles

12. Nails
Plates of tightly packed, hard, keratinized cells of the epidermis
Covering over the dorsal ends of digits
Provides protection
Helps to grasp and manipulate small objects

13. Portions of Nails Nail Body - portion of nail visible
Free Edge - extends beyond the digits
Root - hidden in proximal nail groove
Lunula - whitish semilunar area at proximal end of the nail body
Eponychium – Cuticle
Nail Matrix - epithelium at proximal end
mitosis and nail growth from this area
grows at a rate of about 1 mm per week

14. Decubitous Ulcers Bed sores - pressure sores
Lesion caused by prolonged pressure resulting in blood deficiency to a tissue overlying a bony projection
Seen most frequently in individuals bedridden for prolonged periods of time

15. Nail Structure

16. Hair Color Due to amount of melanin in the cells of the hair shaft
Can accumulate air bubbles in the hair shaft which causes hair to turn gray or white

17. Hair Structures

18. Skin and Its Structures

19. DISORDERS/ DISEASES OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

20. Skin Cancer Cancerous growths of skin tissue
Often caused by prolonged exposure to the sun
Three main types of skin cancers
Basal cell carcinomas
Squamous cell carcinomas
Malignant melanomas

21. Basal Cell Carcinomas
Tumors that arise from the basal cells of the epidermis
Slow growing - rarely metastasize
Account for over 75% of all skin cancers
Caused by chronic over-exposure to the sun
More common in fair skinned individuals over 40 years of age
Treated by excision of the tumor

22. Squamous Cell Carcinomas
Tumors that arise from the squamous cells of the epidermis
Vary in the ability to metastasize
Arise from pre-existing lesions on sun exposed skin
More common in older, fair skinned males
Treated by excision or X-Ray irradiation

23. ABCDE Method to Assess Skin Cancer
A - Asymmetry B - Border C - Color D - Diameter E - Elevation

24. Malignant Melanomas
Cancerous growths that arise from melanocytes in stratum basale
Leading cause of skin cancer deaths
Spreads through lymph and blood
Least common type of skin cancer (3%)
Caused by chronic over-exposure to UV light
Treated by surgical removal of large amounts of tissue and X-Ray irradiation

26. Skin Cancer Risk Factors
Skin Type
light skin - greater risk
Geographic Location
higher altitude - greater risk
Age
older - greater risk
Immunological Status
immunosuppressed - greater risk
Personal Habits
occupations, leisure activities, recreation

27. Decubitus Ulcers Bed sores/pressure sores
Lesion caused by prolonged pressure resulting in blood deficiency to a tissue overlying a bony projection
Seen most frequently in individuals bedridden for prolonged periods of time

28. Eczema
Eczema is a skin condition of itchy and inflamed patches of skin.
Greek ekzema “eruption”

29. Lesion
Lesion is any abnormality in tissue, usually caused by disease or trauma. 
Lesion from latin “laesio”-injury

30. Burns
First Degree Burn – heat only involves the epidermis, redness as seen with sunburns.
Second Degree Burn – heat penetrates the epidermis and dermis causing blisters.
Third Degree Burn – heat destroys the epidermis and dermis cells appearing black, cherry-red, or ash-white.
First Degree
Second Degree
Third Degree

31. THE END!!