1. Deoxyribonucleic Acid

2. History:

3. 1. Theory of Evolution: 1859; Darwin

4. 2. Science of Genetics: 1870; Mendel

5. 3. Chromosomes Discovered: 1910; T.H. Morgan

6. 4. DNA discovered: 1953; James Watson, Francis Crick and Rosalind Franklyn
-used Franklyn’s to write their paper
-received the Nobel prize in 1962
-used x-ray crystallography to see DNA shape
-died at age 38

7. DNA Structure
Shaped like a twisted ladder
Called double helix

8. DNA Structure
-Nucleotide: monomer of DNA made of a sugar (deoxyribose), a base and a phosphate

9. Bases of DNA
Purines (large bases): -adenine (A) -cytosine (C) Pyrimidines (small bases): -thymine (T) -guanine (G)
*Adenine with thymine *Cytosine with Guanine -bonded with weak hydrogen bonds

10. How to Draw DNA

11. Nucleic Acid Processes:
Replication: DNA copying and making new DNA
Transcription: DNA making RNA
Translation: RNA synthesizes proteins

12. Central Dogma:

13. DNA Replication -cell divide and must replicate DNA
-happens before mitosis
3 Steps:
The enzyme helicase moves over DNA and unzips it at the hydrogen bonds
DNA polymerase (enzyme) moves along the exposed strand and adds the complimentary nucleotide
Two daughter strands are formed

14. DNA Replication One mistake for every 10,000 base pairs
Mutation: a change in nucleotide sequence

15. DNA vs. RNA Comparison DNA FX: stores genetic information
Double helix structure
Base: A, C, G, and T
Sugar: deoxyribose
RNA
FX: synthesizes proteins
Single helix structure
A,C,G, and Uracil
Sugar: ribose

16. Three Types of RNA
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA): provides the code for amino acids
Transfer RNA (tRNA): carries amino acids to ribosome
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): unknown function

17. Transcription: DNA makes RNA
4 Steps:
Enzyme helicase “unzips” the DNA
RNA polymerase adds complimentary RNA nucleotides to the DNA
RNA reaches a “stop” sequence
mRNA leaves the nucleus to build proteins

18. Translation: protein synthesis
Protein: What are they? -amino acids are the monomers -20 different amino acids -peptide bonds between amino acids -codon: a three base code on mRNA that codes for amino acids -each codon is specific for an amino acid

19. mRNA Coding Chart

20. Decode the following strand of DNA in mRNA then into a protein
Protein: “START”-Phe – Asn – Ala – Thr – His – “stop” mRNA: AUG UUU AAC GCU ACA CAC UAA DNA: TAC AAA TTG CGA TGT GTG ATT

21. Translation: Steps
mRNA leaves the nucleus, enters cytoplasm, attaches to a ribosome.
tRNA attaches to the mRNA with an “anticodon”, carrying an amino acid
Amino acid attaches to a ribosome and starts the protein. tRNA leaves to get a new amino acid
Ribosome moves down the mRNA picking up a new amino acid at each codon.
Reaches the stop codon and ends translation
Protein is released for a metabolic process.

23. DNA Technology

24. The Genome:

25. The Genome: - The totality of DNA base pairs in the cells of a species
-exact sequence of DNA bases
All the ACTGs on each chomosome
One of the greatest discoveries of all time

26. Sequenced Genomes Human Chimpanzee Rice Malaria parasite E. coli
Lab mouse
Drosophila melanogaster

27. National Genome Project
Director: Francis Collins
“blue print” of human body: the “holy grail”
12 year project
Fully funded by U.S. Government
Life changing

28. How it will change our lives:
- Gene screening at an early age
Know diseases in advance
Designer drugs
Design babies
Genetic counselors
Lifespan expanded
Genetically modified organisms

29. Genome is the future of medicine
Pre-treat disease and illness before it manifests itself
Changed our legal system, medical science, understanding evolution

30. DNA Technology and Criminology

31. Polymerase Chain Reaction
Process of amplifying a sample of DNA
Uses: criminal convictions, ID human remains, new species, taxonomy, evolution

32. Gel Electrophoresis: DNA fingerprinting
DNA is put into a gel
Stained with methyl or violet
Moved through gel with electricity
Separate by size
The more matching bands the more likely a sample and an unknown are related