1. The Home Front Chapter 18 Section 3
How did U.S. propaganda influence Americans to support World War I?
Standard: Identify the causes of American involvement in World War I.

2. Morning Work September 1, 2016
Write questions
Why did Russia withdraw from WWI in 1917?
Why did US declare war in 1917?
Morning Work
Finish US Entry into WWI
Lecture: The Home Front
Create propaganda poster
1st Period
Agenda

3. Morning Work September 1, 2016
Write questions
Why did Russia withdraw from WWI in 1917?
When did the armistice go into effect?
Morning Work
Lecture: American Home Front
Create WWI propaganda poster
Reading: Were critics of WWI anti- American?
3rd/4th Period
10/21
Agenda

4. Morning Work March 5, 2014 Write questions Morning Work
What was the War Revenue Act of 1917?
What were Liberty Bonds?
Morning Work
Lecture: The Home Front
Lecture: Peace without Victory
Study Guide
TEST: FRIDAY
A World in Crisis
US Enters the War
The Home Front
Peace without Victory

5. Propaganda Poster Choose from the following: Food Administration
Persuade Americans to conserve food
Fuel Administration
Persuade Americans to conserve fuel
Recruitment poser
Marines
Navy
Army
Air force
Liberty Bonds
Persuade Americans to purchase Liberty Bonds

6. Requirements: Drawing Color Original
On back- put group name and brief description of poster

7. Should the freedoms and liberties of Americans be restricted in any way during times of war? If so, which freedoms and liberties and why? If not, why not?
Nativism?
Protecting the interests of early white settlers to the U.S., particularly White Anglo-Saxon values, against the influence of immigrants and newcomers.
Civil liberties
Basic rights that are guaranteed to us by the Bill of Rights

8. Mobilizing the Economy
War Revenue Act of 1917:
Established very high taxes
Going to war was extremely expensive, and President Wilson needed to find ways to pay for it.
First Congress passed the War Revenue Act of Established very high taxes and taxed the wealthiest Americans as much as 77% of their annual income.
War Revenue Act: It increased federal revenue by 400 percent within two years.
The national debt grew from $1.2 billion in 1916 to $25.5 billion in More than $20 billion of that debt was owned to Americans who had purchased Liberty Bonds.
Wilson sparked an intense campaign to sell Liberty Bonds. They were a form of loan to the government from American people.

9. Mobilizing Economy Government borrowed money
Wilson sparked intense campaign to sell Liberty Bonds
A form of loan to the government from the American people

10. Liberty Bonds

11. Mobilizing the Economy
Regulating Industry
War Industrial Board (WIB)
Authority to regulate all materials needed in the war effort
Bernard Baruch was the head of the WIB
Increased industrial production by about 20%.
To make sure the troops received all the supplied needed, the Wilson administration prepared the nations industries for war. Congress created hundreds of administration boards to regulate both industrial and agricultural production and distribution.
One of the most powerful boards was the WIB. Wall street business leader Bernard Baruch, head of the WIB.
The military could select any goods that were produced. Once the military’s needs were met , any remaining goods could be used by civilians.

12. Regulating Food Lever Food and Fuel Control Act
Government set prices and established production controls.
Herbert Hoover’s Food Administration
Increase production of crops and conserve existing food supplies.
To make sure the troops would have plenty of food and supplies, Congress passed the Lever Food and Fuel Control Act- Government set prices and establish production controls for food and for the fuels needed to run military machines.
Wilson’s administration also created agencies to manage and increase food production.
Herbert Hoover led the Food Administration, whose slogan was “Food Can Win the War.” crops and to conserve existing food supplies for the military and Americana allies. Hoover’s goals were to increase the production of promised farmers higher prices for crops. In order to encourage wartime production, he promised farmers higher prices for their crops. Farm production soared.

13. Regulating Food “Victory Gardens” Americans eat less Prohibition
He also asked Americans to eat less and to plant food gardens. He also urged Americans to eat less by participating in “meatless Monday” or “wheatless Wednesdays. It worked by 1918 the US has so much surplus of food that it exported 3 times as much food as it had prior to the war.
Prohibition also helped the war, as alcohol is made using food crops like grapes and wheat. Some progressives tried to discourage Americans from drinking beer by linking Germans Americans to the brewing industry. The progressives hoped that anti-Germans would stop Americans from drinking beer.
In 1919 the 18 Amendment was ratified, banning the “manufacture, sale or transportation of alcohol”
The 1919 Volstead Act passed Prohibition as the temperance movement gained strength.

14. Food Conservation

15. Food Conservation

16. Regulating Fuel The Fuel Administration
Set production goals and prices of fuel
Harry Garfield headed the administration
Garfield introduced daylight savings time
To encourage fuel conservation Garfield introduced daylights savings time in order to extend daylight hours for those who worked long shifts in the factories.
Called for “gasless Sundays” and “heatless Mondays”
The Fuel Administration was established to set production goals and prices for fuel.
Harry Garfield, son of former president James A. Garfield, headed the administration.
Garfield introduced daylight savings time to extend daylight hours for factory workers with long shifts.
He promoted fuel conservation by encouraging Americans to go without gas and heat on certain days.
By created these boards and agencies, the federal government was quickly able to produce and collect supplies needed for the war effort. The US became the major supplier for the Allied Powers. Great Britain received 1 billion rounds of ammunition, 1.2 million riffles, and more than a half million tons of explosives from the US.

17. Mobilizing Workers
Factory wages increased but so did the cost of food and housing.
Laborers worked long hours in increasingly dangerous conditions.
During the war, the profits of many major industrial companies skyrocketed because companies sold to the federal government.
This created enormous profits for stockholders of industries like steel, oil, and chemicals.
Factory wages also increased, but the rising cost of food and housing meant that workers were not much better off.
War demands also led to laborers working long hours in increasingly dangerous conditions in order to produce the needed materials on time and faster than other companies.
These harsher conditions led many workers to join labor unions.
Union membership increased by about 60 percent between 1916 and 1919, and unions boomed as well, with more than 6,000 strikes held during the war.

18. Industrial Production

19. Wartime Workers National War Labor Board (1918)
Judged disputes between workers and management.
Improved working conditions,
established 8 hour workday,
and urged equal pay for women.
Massive industrial production was essential to the war effort.
Leaders feared strikes would disrupt production for the war effort.
The Wilson administration created the National War Labor Board in During the short time that the board was in operation (less than a year)
The board judged disputes between workers and management, handling 1,200 cases during the war years.
Also, to improve working conditions, it established an eight-hour workday, sought companies to recognize unions, and urged equal pay for women.

20. Women’s War Efforts Worked on railroads, in factories, and docks
About 1 million joined the workforce during the war
As men left their jobs to fight, women moved in to keep the American economy moving.
Women took many jobs traditionally held by men on the railroads, in factories, and on docks, as well as building ships and airplanes.
Other women filled more traditional jobs as teachers and nurses, and many volunteered.
About 1 million women joined the workforce during the war, and women used this as leverage for suffrage movements.

21. Influenza Spreads
Broke out between and 1919 in Europe and in America.
Many U.S. soldiers died from the influenza
675,000 Americans lost their lives
The war’s effort was seriously affected by an extremely severe flu epidemic that broke out b/w
Three waves of a severe flu epidemic broke out between 1918 and 1919 in Europe and in America.
Of all American troops who died in World War II, half died from influenza.
On the Western Front, crowded and unsanitary trenches helped flu spread among troops, then to American military camps in Kansas and beyond.
In fact, of all the American troops killed in WWI, about ½ of them died from influenza.
This strain of influenza was deadly, killing healthy people within days, and during the month of October 1918, influenza killed nearly 200,000 Americans.
Panicked city leaders halted gatherings, and people accused the Germans of releasing flu germs into the populace.
By the time this wave on influenza passed some 675,000 Americans had lost their lives. It as the deadliest epidemic in US history.
In a matter of mere hours, a person could go from strapping good health to being so enfeebled they could not walk. Victims complained of general weakness and severe aches in their muscles, backs, joints, and heads. Often enduring fevers that could reach 105 degrees, the sick fell prey to wild bouts of delirium. Innocent objects--pieces of furniture, wallpaper, lamps--would adopt wicked manifestations in the minds of those consumed by fever. When the fevers finally broke, many victims fortunate enough to have survived now endured crushing post-influenzal depression.

22. Influenza 1918

23. Influenza 1918

24. Influenza 1918

25. Influencing Public Opinion
Committee on Public Information (CPI)
George Creel was the leader
Began a campaign of propaganda: posters, news stories, speeches, and other material to influence opinion.
President Wilson moved quickly to build public support after Congress declared war. Many Americans had been in favor of the US position of neutrality . Now Wilson had to convince these Americans that it was their duty to support the war. “ It is not an army that we must shape for war….it is a nation.”
President Wilson used a number of tactics to gain the support of Americans who had favored neutrality in World War I.
Created the CPI two weeks after American declared war.
The Committee on Public Information (CPI) appointed reporter and reformer George Creel as its leader.
Creel began a campaign of propaganda: posters, news stories, speeches, and other materials to influence opinion. This campaign was meant to encourage Americans to support the war.
Creel hired movie stars such as Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks to speak on behalf of the war effort. Artists to create patriotic posters and pamphlets.
One famous poster by James Montgomery Flagg pictures Uncle Sam saying “I Want You for the U.S. Army.”
As many Americans became more patriotic and supportive of the war, some Americans began to distrust German things. Some tried to eliminate all German influence from American culture.
Many schools stopped teaching German, and symphonies stopped playing German music.
German-sounding names were changed, so sauerkraut became liberty cabbage and hamburgers became liberty steak.
Reports spread that German secret agents were operating in the U.S., causing some Americans to discriminate against German Americans.
German agents planted a bomb at a ship-loading terminal in NY City, The bomb destroyed $20 million worth of supplies for the war, and killed three dock workers.
Acts such as these led some Americans to question the loyalty of German Americans in their communities. As a result some German Americans experienced discrimination and violence.

26. “I Want YOU”

27. “Wake Up America!”

28. Limiting Antiwar Speech
Espionage Act
Passed in 1917
Punished people for aiding the enemy or refusing military duty.
Sedition Act
Passed in 1918
Made it illegal for American to criticize the government, flag, or military in speech or writing.
Wilson’s administration tried to limit public speech about the war.
Prominent Americans such as pacifist reformer Jane Addams and Senator Robert La Follette spoke out against the war.
Addams founded the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom.
Congress passed the Espionage Act, which punished people for aiding the enemy or refusing military duty.
The year after, it passed the Sedition Act, making it illegal for Americans to criticize the government, flag, or military in speech or writing.
More than 1,000 opponents of war were jailed under those acts, including Robert Goldstein, who directed a film called The Spirit of ‘76 and refused to remove scenes of British brutality during the American Revolution.
Socialist Party leader Eugene Debs was sentenced to 10 years in prison for criticizing the Espionage Act but was released after the war.

29. Opponents go to the Supreme Court
Did the acts violate the First Amendment?
Schenck v. United States (1919)
Freedom of speech could be limited if it caused danger for the country.
Many Americans thought the Espionage and Sedition Acts violated the First Amendment, but others thought they were essential to protect military secrets and the safety of America.
The Supreme Court also struggled to interpret the acts.
In one case, Charles Schenck, an official of the American Socialist Party, organized the printing of 15,000 leaflets opposing the war and was convicted of violating the Espionage Act.
He challenged the conviction in the Supreme Court, but the Court upheld his conviction, limiting free speech during war.
In its first decision interpreting the 1st Amendment, the Supreme Court upheld Schenck conviction.
Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. wrote the Court’s unanimous decision, stating that some things said safely in peacetime are dangerous to the country during wartime.
For that reason, Holmes argued, some limits needed to be placed on individual free-speech rights during wartime to ensure the county’s overall safety.