1. The Cosmic Distance Ladder

2. Distance Measurements via Parallax

3. Hipparcos Satellite Before Launch

4. GAIA – A Planned Future Mission

5. Estimating the Distance to a Stop Light

6. Cepheid Variable Stars

7. The Period-Luminosity Relation for Cepheid Variable Stars
Henrietta Leavitt

8. HST Observations of Cepheid Variable Stars in M100 at ~ 20 Mpc
HST key project measured Cepheid
distances to ~ 25 galaxies within 25 Mpc.

9. Distances from Type 1a Supernovae

10. Mass Discovery of Type 1a Supernovae

11. Light Curves of Type 1a Supernovae
Peak luminosity and subsequent fading are related.

12. SNAP – A Planned Mission to Measure Distances to Type 1a Supernovae