1. Holderness case study The FASTEST ERODING COASTLINE in Europe

2. Locally, rates of erosion have been up to 10-20m per year
Over 30 villages have been lost since Roman times, erosion has been taking place for last 6000 yrs
Holderness Coast is fastest eroding stretch of coastline in Europe – an average of 2 metres fall into the North Sea each year

9. The Holderness Coast is one of Europe's fastest eroding coastlines
The Holderness Coast is one of Europe's fastest eroding coastlines. The average annual rate of erosion is around 2 metres per year. This is around 2 million tonnes of material every year. Under lying the Holderness Coast is bedrock made up of Cretaceous Chalk. However, in most place this is covered by glacial till deposited over 18,000 years ago. It is this soft boulder clay that is being rapidly eroded.

10. But what is the obvious question / learning objective???
WHY is it eroding so quickly?

11. KEY REASON: it’s made of boulder clay – the most easily erode-able ‘rock’ (it’s not really a rock as it was deposited by the ice sheets in the last glaciation and has never then been buried and compressed and ‘turned to rock’ like chalk, sandstone, etc have)

12. Less Resistant bolder clay cliffs near Mappleton
Notice the slumping... (subaerial process, happens on ‘soft rock’ coasts
Less Resistant bolder clay cliffs near Mappleton

13. Landslips: also known as rotational slumps, are occasional rapid movements of a mass of earth or rock dropping down along a concave plane. Water percolating through sandstone gets into the clay beneath, saturating it. With the weight of the rock above forcing down on it the clay moves seawards as a mud flow. With the clay moving sideways the sandstone above slumps down. Undercutting of a steep slope by the sea weakens the rock above, making a slump more likely.

14. Relatively long FETCH – dominant wind direction = from North East – so large waves

15. Groynes Mappleton, Yorks. coast £10,000 each (wooden groynes)
£1.5m each (rock groynes)
What are they designed to do?
Stop longshore drift
Further down the coast this may mean that beaches are starved of sand and shingle

17. Click here for video clip of Mappleton – where they built the rock groyne (£2m) to prevent longshore drift – but causing more erosion further down the coast – eg Cowden Farm (Sue Earle) – as the beach there stopped getting ‘fed’ with sand and shingle from further North...
Click here for video clip of Mappleton – where they built the rock groyne (£2m) to prevent longshore drift – but causing more erosion further down the coast – eg Cowden Farm (Sue Earle) – as the beach there stopped getting ‘fed’ with sand and shingle from further North...

18. Mappleton and Holderness Coast
Why???

19. Describe the effects of the erosion here.
What would the knock on effects be? (classic 6-marker)

20. So, over to you…

21. Holderness: The FASTEST ERODING COASTLINE in Europe
(1) Add labels to the map &/or photo to explain why it is eroding so quickly. Include at least these:
cliffs = boulder clay, longshore drift, Mappleton village,
groyne, long fetch, North Sea, thin beach
(2) On A4 paper, try to write a sentence for each label explaining how it helps cause rapid erosion
EXTENSION: Draw a spider diagram giving reasons why people still live on this coastline