1. Hypothalamic leptin and insulin signals regulate several peripheral functions.
Hypothalamic leptin and insulin signals regulate several peripheral functions. Leptin and insulin secreted by white adipose tissue (WAT) and the pancreas, respectively, inform the hypothalamus about the energy status of the organism. When LepR‐b and InsR are activated by these hormones, they promote changes in hypothalamic neuropeptide expression, which cause alterations in peripheral functions to restore energy balance and glucose metabolism. Arc, arcuate nucleus; AgRP, agouti‐related protein; InsR, insulin receptor; LepR‐b, leptin receptor b; POMC, proopiomelanocortin; VMH, ventromedial hypothalamus.
Luis Varela, and Tamas L Horvath EMBO Rep. 2012;13:
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