1. Review What are the 4 categories of biomolecules?
Why are biomolecules called polymers?
How do you build polymers?
How do you break down polymers?

2. Friday 11/4/16 AIM: Why do we eat proteins
DO NOW: 1- What are the building blocks of proteins?
2- What elements build proteins?
3- How are large proteins built?

3. (a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer
Synthesis of polymers
Monomers form larger molecules by condensation reactions called dehydration reactions
(a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer HO H 1 2 3 4
H2O
Short polymer
Unlinked monomer
Longer polymer
Dehydration removes a water molecule, forming a new bond
Figure 5.2A

4. The Breakdown of Polymers
Hydrolysis
(b) Hydrolysis of a polymer HO 1 2 3 H 4
H2O
Hydrolysis adds a water molecule, breaking a bond
Figure 5.2B

5. Which biomolecules can be found in the food sources below?

6. Protein CHNOPS Structure for tissues and organs Hormones Metabolism
Transport
Receptors
Catalysts

7. Structural Support
Collagen and elastin

8. Hormones: chemical messengers
Human Growth Hormone, Insulin, Glucagon

9. Transport across the cell membrane
In and out of cell

10. Transport through the body
Hemoglobin

11. Receptors

12. Enzymes are protein catalysts

13. How do we build large proteins?

14. How are amino acids related to proteins?

15. Amino Acid All amino acids have the same fundamental structure
A central carbon bonded to:
Amino group
Carboxylic acid group
Hydrogen
Functional group

16. The R group gives the amino acid it’s unique properties
Size, water solubility, electrical charge
There are only 20 amino acids which account for all of the proteins in all organisms

17. Proteins Polymers made of subunits called amino acids
Polypeptide: long chain of amino acids
Polypeptide chains fold extensively to form a functional protein

18. Wednesday 11/9/16 AIM: How do enzymes catalyze metabolic reactions?
DO NOW: 1-Use your notes to draw and label the structure of an amino acid
2- What makes each amino acid different?
3- What are enzymes and how do they work?
HOMEWORK: Bring review book!

19. Dehydration synthesis of amino acids forms peptide bonds
Protein or polypeptide: 50 or more amino acids bonded together Peptide: shorter chains

21. How are functional proteins formed?
Fold the polypeptide into secondary and tertiary structures then add more folded polypeptides to create the quaternary functional protein

22. Shape of protein correlates to it’s function
Shape of protein is determined by exact type, position and number of it’s amino acids
In many cases 2 or more polypeptide chains join
Amino acid chain undergoes a series of folds
If the shape of protein is denatured, the protein may no longer be able to function properly

23. Proteins ProteinsProtein structure
ProteinsProtein structure Primary structure
Primary structure: Polypeptide chain

24. ProteinsProtein structure Secondary structure
folding of polypeptide chain

25. Tertiary structure ProteinsProtein structure Tertiary structure
Disulfide bridges

26. Quaternary structure ProteinsProtein structure Quaternary structure
Functional protein

28. Hemoglobin protein

29. How do you cells know which amino acids should be used in building a polypeptide?

30. How is the protein effected if the shape changes?

31. If you change the structure or denature a protein, it does not work

32. Thursday 11/10/16 AIM: How do enzymes catalyze chemical reactions??
DO NOW: 1- Explain what would happen if an enzyme changes its shape.
2- Review book read pages Answer questions 1-4 pg 139
HOMEWORK: Review book pages questions 5-12

33. Protein Structure

34. Enzymes are proteins
Built from amino acids

36. Enzymes are catalysts

37. How do enzymes catalyze a chemical reaction?

38. Enzymes are organic catalysts
Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions by lowering activation energy
Lower activation energy: the amount of energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur

39. How do enzymes lower the activation energy?

40. How Do Enzymes Work?

42. Substrate The molecule or molecules that the enzyme is catalyzing
Activation energy is lowered when the enzyme and substrate bond together
Causing chemical reaction to happen

43. How do enzymes work? Enzymes are substrate specific
Substrate is the reactant
Active site: part of the enzyme capable of recognizing and binding to substrate

44. 2 methods in which enzymes work
Induced Fit Model
Lock and key model

45. Monday 11/14/16 AIM: How do enzymes catalyze chemical reactions?
DO NOW: 1- Take out your review book hw have it open to page I am checking homework!!!!
Choose one of the questions below and complete it
Choice 1: Explain how enzymes are built and what they do.
CHOICE 2: Since enzymes are _______ they are built from ___________by the process of ________. _______ are catalysts so they _____ a chemical reaction.
HOMEWORK: Test on Friday Proteins and Nucleic Acids. Review book page questions 13-18

48. Enzymes are proteins
Built from amino acids

49. MOTIVATION: Draw the structure of an amino acid using the following colors
Central Carbon: green
Amino group: Pink
Carboxylic acid group: Blue
Functional group: Red

50. Amino acids A central carbon forms 4 covalent bonds (share electrons)
Bond 1: with a single hydrogen atom
Bond 2: with an amino group (NH2)
Bond 3; with a carboxylic acid group (COOH)
Bond 4: with a functional group represented by the letter R

54. How do amino acids bond together to form a chain of amino acids?
Dehydration synthesis: loss of water to form a bond

55. Peptide bonds
Always formed between the Nitrogen of an amino group of one amino acid bonded to the Carbon of the carboxylic acid in a second amino acid
THE CENTRAL CARBON IS NEVER part of the peptide bond!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

56. Which substrate would work with this enzyme?

57. How do enzymes work?

59. Enzyme-substrate complex
Lowers the activation energy causing the chemical reaction to happen

60. How do enzymes bond to substrates?
Induced fit
Lock and Key

61. Induced fit model
Actually the "fit" of the substrate and the active site is not a "perfect fit”
enzyme active site slightly changes shape to fit the substrate

62. Lock and key model
Active site of the enzyme fits perfectly to only one type of substrate

63. If I changed the shape of the active site, how would the enzyme activity change?
In this picture, name the products.
When is the activation energy lowered?

64. Pd 9 Tuesday

65. Tuesday 11/15/16 AIM: What factors effect the rate of enzyme activity?
DO NOW: 1-Define activation energy?
2- Explain how enzymes effect activation energy.
HOMEWORK: Textbook read pages Answer questions 1 and 4 on page 160

66. DO NOW Answer
Activation energy: The amount of energy it takes for a chemical reaction to occur
How do enzymes catalyze chemical reactions?
By lowering the activation energy
When do enzymes lower activation energy?
Enzyme substrate complex

67. Naming enzymes Enzyme names end with the -ase suffix,
the -ase suffix is added to the substrate name.
For example, sucrase is the enzyme that breaks down the substrate sucrose, a disaccharide, into the monosaccharides glucose and fructose.
Protease: the enzyme that catalyzes the break down of proteins into amino acids

70. Pair and share
In one complete sentence,explain why the shape of enzyme is important to its function.
What happens if an enzyme looses its shape

72. Use you handout to identify two factors that may effect enzyme activity

73. Factors that affect enzyme activity
1. Amount of enzyme
2. Amount of substrate
3. pH
4. Temperature

74. Concentration of Enzyme
If the amount of substrate remains
the same:
As increase amount of enzyme,
the rate of an enzyme action also increase
UNTIL…
All enzymes become saturated
At this point all enzymes are working at maximum capacity

75. Concentration of substrate
If the amount of enzyme
remains the same:
at low concentrations,
of substrate,
Enzyme activity is low
Because all enzymes are NOT working
As you increase the amount of substrate, you increase enzyme activity until all substrates are bound to enzymes
At this point, enzyme activity is steady

76. pH Each enzyme works best at a certain pH 2. At optimal (best) pH:
enzyme has the right shape
to fit substrate
3. Changes in pH change the shape of enzymes and their ability to fit with substrates
4. Most enzymes work best at pH’s near 7 (neutral)

77. Temperature Enzymes work best at a certain temperature
2. Optimum (best) temp. for human enzymes is near normal body temp. (37C)
3. Changes in temp. alter shape of enzyme
4. At extreme temp’s enzyme can ‘t fit with substrate
5. high temperatures or very low temperatures denature the enzyme

78. Wednesday 11/16/16 AIM: How are nucleic acids built?
DO NOW: How are nucleic acids built?
How do nucleic acids function in living things?
HOMEWORK: Castle learning due Friday 8:00 am

79. 1-Which enzyme works best in an acidic pH?
2-Basic pH?
3- What is the optimal pH for each enzyme?
4- Explain Why enzyme 1 does not work in a basic ph.

80. The most likely result of mixing both enzymes with their substrates in a single test tube is that:
A- only gastric protease would be active if the pH of the mixture was basic
B- gastric protease would be more active than intestinal protease at pH 6
C-both enzymes would exhibit some activity at pH 5

81. Which enzyme shows the greatest change in its rate of action with the least change in pH?

82. Practice questions
The picture below represents which type of organic compound?

83. Practice question
What type of chemical reaction is this and how do you know?

84. Nucleic acids are built from nucleotides
Phosphate group
5 carbon sugar
Nitrogen base

85. Nucleic Acids Hereditary Information DNA and RNA
Passed down from parent to offspring
DNA and RNA
Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
Ribose Nucleic acid

87. DNA: deoxyribose nucleic acid
James Watson and Francis Crick
DNA is a double helix
Sugar-phosphate backbone
2 strands of nucleotides connected at nitrogen bases
Weak Hydrogen Bonds hold Nitrogen bases together
Nitrogen Base pair Rules
A-T
G-C

88. Nitrogen Base Pair Rules
Adenine A
Thymine T
Cytosine C
Guanine G

91. DO NOW: Explain the difference between DNA and RNA
2- What are the base pair rules
HOMEWORK: Castle learning

92. Differences between DNA and RNA
1- DNA is double strand RNA is single
2- DNA has deoxyribose RNA has ribose
3- DNA has thymine RNA has uracil

93. RNA Ribonucleic acid Single strand Ribose- 5 Carbon sugar AUCG
Uracil replaces Thymine in RNA

95. How do Nitrogen bases specify protein production?
The sequence of Nitrogen bases A,T,C,G are what build a gene.
Genes hold the code to build a protein
Proteins lead to physical traits

98. How are genes related to DNA?
Genes are just part of DNA
Genes: sequences of nitrogen bases that hold the code to build a protein
DNA carries genes
Chromosomes are condensed forms of DNA
Many genes are found on 1 chromosome

103. Chromosomes are made up of DNA
Specific sequences of nuleotides form genes
Genes code for proteins
One gene codes for one protein
ALL cells contain the same genes
So how then are cells different
Cells are different because they express different genes
Therefore different cells build different proteins

105. Assessment
In your own words explain the difference between a DNA and RNA nucleotide