1. BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

2. Time to test your memory!
Carbon Compounds
*aka “organic compounds”
*contain carbon (few exceptions like CO2)
Time to test your memory!
Question #1: How many valence electrons does C have?
Question #2: How does this affect how C bonds?

3. Isomers: same chemical formula but have different structures Ex. C4H10
*B/C the structures are different, the properties are different!!
MINI LAB DEMO: vinegar + different compounds
If bubbles, CO2 released. CO2 contained here - carbonates
QUESTION: Carbon dioxide is a major contributor to the greenhouse effect. What do you think would happen if organisms that produce carbonate compounds were to die off?

4. A. Carbohydrates
*organic compound composed of C, H, O with the ratio of 2 H: 1 O
*ex. Sugars, starch, glucose
*Function: serve as energy sources
*Simple Sugars: Monosaccharides
Ex. Glucose C6H12O6 (in corn syrup)
QUESTION: What do you think a disaccharide is?
QUESTION: What do you think a polysaccharide is?
Ex. Cellulose– used for support in plants

5. B. Lipids
* organic compound composed of C, H, O but # of H much greater
*ex. Fats, oils, waxes, cholesterol
*Animals- produce solid fats
Plants- produce liquid fats
*Function: energy reserve; also part of cell membranes, provide insulation, and protect parts of nerves
*Fat molecules are built by combo. of fatty acids and glycerol
*All have carboxyl group (-COOH)
*Saturated: single covalent bonds (“filled” with H)
*Unsaturated: 1+ double covalent bond
*QUESTION: Do you think lipids are insoluble or soluble in water?

7. C. Proteins *largest group of organic molecules
*Function: building material like muscle, carry out chemical reactions, fight disease, transporting materials
*Shape affects function!
*Structure: C, H, O, N, S
*Amino (NH2) group & carboxyl group
*Amino Acids: building blocks of protein- 20 total
*when amino acids (AA) bond together  peptide
*polypeptide – many AA bonded together
FYI: Aspartame– 2 AA’s: aspartic acid + phenylalanine

9. *Function: genetic code (DNA) carrying out instructions (RNA)
D. Nucleic Acids
*DNA and RNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid and Ribonucleic acid
*Most complex
*Function: genetic code (DNA)
carrying out instructions (RNA)

10. REACTIONS OF BIOLOGICAL COMPOUNDS
QUESTION: C12H22O11 is made of 2 monosaccharides with the formula C6H12O6. Do you notice anything wrong with this?
Condensation reaction: -OH broken from one molecule and –H from another  H2O is formed
*small to larger molecules
Hydrolysis reaction: Addition of water for reaction to take place; *large to smaller molecules
*Important b/c complex substances simple in order to be processed by body (digestion)

11. ENZYMES
*proteins that lower activation energy; allow reactions to occur at normal temperatures of cells
*VERY SPECIFIC
*Can be used over and over again
*Shape affects reaction– usually 3D and globular
*Reactants = substrates in cellular reactions
*Enzymes named by adding –ase to name of substrate involved
*Ex: rxn: maltose  glucose, the enzyme is “maltase”

12.   + QUESTION: Why are enzymes helpful?
*Active site (part of enzyme’s surface) fits with substrate– lock and key model
*More recently, “Induced Fit Model”: shapes don’t have to match perfectly b/c enzyme changes shape slightly like a flexible key
EX: 2 AA  peptide:
2 AA’s   +
+ H20
enzyme
enzyme
peptide

13. *Enzymes sometimes require “helpers”: COENZYMES
*Usually vitamin molecules or fragments
*REUSABLE
*Can join enzymes or transfer atoms from substrates
Critical Thinking:
To function properly, cells must carry out thousands of reactions and do so at appropriate times. How might the organization of cells be different if enzymes were not required for reactions?