1. Year 11 C2 – Discovering Chemistry
The Atom
Year 11 C2 – Discovering Chemistry
Topic 1
I came up with the first periodic table. I arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass
Dmitri Mendeleev
Non Metals
Transition Metals
I put elements with similar properties into horizontal rows. I also left gaps incase any new elements were discovered
Metals
Metals and Non Metals dividing line
Higher
Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Groups
(Most important) All of the elements in the same group have similar PROPERTIES. This is how I thought of the periodic table in the first place. This is called PERIODICITY.

2. Year 11 C2 – Discovering Chemistry
Covalent Bonding
Year 11 C2 – Discovering Chemistry
Topic 2 and 3 Part 1
Ionic Bonding
This is where a metal bonds with a non-metal (usually). Instead of sharing the electrons one of the atoms “transfers” one or more electrons to the other.
When two or more atoms bond by sharing electrons. This type of bonding normally occurs between non-metal atoms. It causes the atoms in a molecule to be held together very strongly but there are weak forces between individual molecules.
Ions
A positively charged sodium ion (cation)
A negatively charged sodium ion (anion)

3. Year 11 C2 – Discovering Chemistry
Topic 2 and 3 Part 2
Solubility Rules
All common sodium, potassium and ammonium salts are soluble
All nitrates are soluble
Common chlorides are soluble but not silver and lead
Common sulfates are soluble but not those of lead, barium and calcium
Common carbonates and hydroxides are insoluble except those of sodium, potassium and ammonium
Giant Covalent structures
Properties of covalent compounds

4. Year 11 C2 – Discovering Chemistry
Topic 3 and 4
Separating techniques
“Immiscible” means “two liquids that can’t be dissolved”, e.g. oil and water
Separating these liquids is fairly easy – you simply allow them to settle and then “tap off” the heavier liquid at the bottom using a separating funnel.
Miscible liquids are liquids that have dissolved together, so separating them is much harder
Distillation: This apparatus can be used to separate water and ethanol because they have different boiling points. The ethanol will evaporate first, turn back into a liquid in the condenser and collect in the beaker. The water remains in the round flask, as long as the temperature does not exceed 100OC.
Most metals are transition metals.
These are in the central block of the periodic table
Most transition metals have high melting and boiling points and form coloured compounds (Properties!)
Chromatography can be used to separate a mixture of different inks.