1. Vascular Plants
                                  

2. Three parts of a vascular plant
Root – anchor
Stem – support
Leaves – food production

3. The vascular system
Xylem – transports water and minerals from roots to the rest of the plant
Phloem – transports sugars made by leaves down to the rest of the plant

4. The vascular system (cont.)

5. Seed Plants Gymnosperms – seeds develop on cone scales
Conifers are most common (ex. Pine, spruce, fir, etc)
Very hardy and can endure harsh conditions
Waxy needles prevent water loss
Shallow roots allow stability in little soil

6. Gymnosperms

7. Seed Plants (cont.)
Angiosperms – flowering plants that produce seeds that are enclosed in fruits
Monocots have one cotyledon (ex. Grasses and other herbaceous plants)
Dicots have two cotyledons (ex. Most of the woody plants)
(Cotyledons are embryonic leaves found in the seed)

8. Angiosperms Monocot v. Dicot

9. Flowers and Fruit
Flowers contain both male and female reproductive organs
Fruits – after the zygote is formed, the petals fall away and the remaining parts develop into a fruit
Fruits protects seeds and helps to disperse them

10. Flowers and Fruit

11. Kinds of plant tissue
Epidermis – outermost layer of plant cells – serves as protection
Vascular tissue – consists of xylem and phloem – transport H2O, dissolved minerals and sugars
Ground tissue – in between tissue that cushions and protects or stores food and water

13. Roots
Root hairs create more surface area to absorb water and minerals from the soil
Pith – acts as support and storage
Meristem is where mitosis takes place

14. Stems
Woody stems – the xylem and phloem produce new layers of plant tissue giving the stem strength and makes the stem wider in diameter
Many dicots and most gymnosperms have woody stems

15. Stems (cont.) Buds – usually develop in the fall
Meristematic cells are here and go through mitosis which helps the plant to grow in height and length

16. Leaves
Blade – the broad part of a leaf; contains most of the photosynthetic cells
Petiole – aka leaf stalk; supports the blade
Simple – a single, undivided blade
Compound – blade is divided into separate parts and attached to an extension of the petiole

17. Simple Leaves

18. Compound Leaves

19. Structure of the Leaf
Epidermis – innermost single, transparent layer of cells
Cutin – secreted by the epidermis – slows evaporation and protects
Stomata with guard cells – allows water, carbon dioxide and oxygen to enter and leave the leaf (stomata is the opening and guard cells regulate the size of the opening)

20. Stomata and Guard Cells

21. Structure of the leaf (cont.)
Mesophyll – middle portion of the leaf – cells with chlorophyll and other pigments are found here

22. Leaves and water loss Transpiration
90% of the water absorbed by the roots is lost through transpiration, so water is continuously resupplied through roots

23. Reproduction
The Flower

24. The flower (cont.) The pistil is the female part and includes:
Stigma – contains a sticky substance to attach pollen grains
Style
Ovary – contains ovules or eggs

25. The Flower (cont.) The stamen is the male part and includes Filament
Anther – pollen is produced here

26. Sexual Reproduction - polliation
Pollination – the process of transferring ripe pollen from the anther to the stigma
Self pollination – when pollen falls from an anther to a stigma on the same flower
Cross pollination – when a stigma traps pollen from another plant
Pollination can be aided by animals, wind and water

27. Sexual Reproduction - fertilization
Fertilization start when a pollen grain lands on a stigma
Then a pollen tube forms towards the ovule in the ovary
As it makes its way, a cell inside divides into 2 sperm and go down pollen tube
1 sperm fertilizes, the other helps make food for the embryo (endosperm)

28. Pollination and Fertilization

29. Fruits and Seeds
Once fertilization has occurred the ovule changes to become a seed
All of the seeds are located inside the ovary
As the seeds mature, the ovary ripens and is called a fruit
A fruit can be fleshy (oranges, apples, peaches) or dry (peanuts, burrs and “helicopters” from maples)