1. Piriformis syndrome: Diagnosis, treatment, and outcome—a 10-year study
Loren M. Fishman, MD, George W. Dombi, PhD, Christopher Michaelsen, MD, Stephen Ringel, MD, Jacob Rozbruch, MD, Bernard Rosner, PhD, Cheryl Weber, MD 
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 
Volume 83, Issue 3, Pages (March 2002)
DOI: /apmr
Copyright © 2002 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

2. Fig. 1
The FAIR position. Simultaneous downward pressure at the flexed knee and passive superolateral movement of the shin, with both acetabula oriented vertically, maximizes adduction and internal rotation at the flexed thigh. This position is important in treating piriformis syndrome as well. (Reprinted with permission.21).
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation  , DOI: ( /apmr )
Copyright © 2002 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

3. Fig. 2
Calculating effects of moving the stimulation point from S1 to S2. If the nerve stimulus point changes from S1 to S2, then the H-reflex is shortened by the distance (S1 − S2)/sensory NCV. However, the M-wave latency is increased by (S1 − S2)/motor NCV. In the case of a sharp discrepancy between motor and sensory NCV, this factor still amounts to less than 0.5 SD. (Adapted and reprinted with permission from Ma DM, Liveson JA. Nerve conduction handbook. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.; p 261.).
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation  , DOI: ( /apmr )
Copyright © 2002 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

4. Fig. 3
Delay of H-reflex on NCV tracing. Progressive, reversible delay in H-reflex as a function of solid angle made by shin on plinth in figure 1. The M wave could also vary as a result of subcutaneous movement of the nerve. Abbreviation: AIF, adducted, internally rotated, flexed. (Reprinted with permission.21).
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation  , DOI: ( /apmr )
Copyright © 2002 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

5. Fig. 4
Injection of 1.5mL containing 1mL of 2% lidocaine and 20mg triamcinolone acetonide uses a 3.5-in, no. 23–25 spinal needle. The injection site is located approximately one third of the distance from the greater trochanter to the point of maximum tenderness in the buttock (which is generally where the piriformis muscle and sciatic nerve intersect). The nerve-muscle junction is not injected, rather the muscle's motor point receives the lidocaine and steroid. The needle is inserted oriented toward the navel to a depth of 1 to 2 inches. Patients generally feel immediate relief. Unfortunately, without physical therapy, the pain returns, at least partially, within a few weeks.
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation  , DOI: ( /apmr )
Copyright © 2002 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

6. Fig. 5
Frequency distribution of FAIR test values of patients with clinical piriformis syndrome, individual nerves of legs contralateral to clinically piriformis syndrome legs, and normals. Distance on the vertical axis is a measure of frequency. The horizontal axis extends from −4.5 to +11.5ms.
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation  , DOI: ( /apmr )
Copyright © 2002 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions