1. Oceans
The great abyss

2. What is an ocean? A continuous body of water encircling the Earth
There are three main oceans: Pacific, Atlantic and Indian (Arctic and Southern)
71% of the earth is covered by oceans
3.5% ( %) salinity (salt content)
Where would it be more salty?
Where would it be less salty?
Half of the ocean is over 9800 ft. deep

3. Wave Action How are waves made?
Wind blows over the surface of the ocean
The top of ocean moves faster than the water underneath, which causes it to tumble over itself.

4. Ocean Currents
An ocean current is any continuous, directed movement of ocean water that flows in one of the Earth’s oceans.

5. Important Ocean Currents
Gulf Stream (Western Europe)
California Current (Hawaiian Islands)

6. Tides
The rising and falling of ocean waters caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun.

7. Tides
High tide
Low tide

8. Upwelling in the World Ocean

9. Mechanisms that create ocean upwelling
Wind
Coriolis Effect
Ekman Transport

10. Upwelling refers to deep water that is brought to the surface.
Areas of upwelling are created by surface winds that pull water away from an area. This deficit of water on the surface invites water to come up from deeper regions.

11. The Coriolis Effect acts on moving wind and water because they are not attached to the rotating Earth. As fluids flow over the rotating earth, they deflect or curve to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and the left in the Southern Hemisphere.

12. If you combine the friction between the layers of water in the ocean and the Coriolis Effect, the net result of wind blowing across the surface of the water is transportation of a layer of water 90 degrees to the direction of the wind. This is known as Ekman Transport.

13. Types of Upwelling
Equatorial
Coastal
Seasonal

14. 1. Equatorial Upwelling
Water Flow
Upwelling

15. Look at the equator in the Pacific Ocean

16. 2. Coastal Upwelling

17. What’s the difference between Peru(A) and Columbia (B)?

18. 3. Seasonal upwelling
Wind
Wind
Onshore winds pile water up on shore, and surface water will be forced downward. This is ‘downwelling’.
Offshore winds take water away from shore, and water from depth will upwell to the surface.

19. Identifying upwelling on satellite-derived maps
Sea Surface Temperature
Ocean Color

20. The deep water that surfaces from upwelling is cold; by looking at Sea Surface Temperature maps we can identify cool upwelled water versus hotter surface water.

21. Upwelled water also contains nutrients (nitrate, phosphate, silicate) and dissolved gasses (oxygen and carbon dioxide) that are not utilized at depth because of a lack of sunlight. Now on the surface, these nutrients and gasses help to fuel photosynthesis by phytoplankton.

22. Phytoplankton photosynthesize using a green pigment called chlorophyll
Phytoplankton photosynthesize using a green pigment called chlorophyll. Thus, “Ocean Color” maps are another way to identify areas of upwelling. Where on this ocean color map are high phytoplankton concentrations? (What color are healthier oceans?)

23. Ecological and Economic effects of upwelling:
Upwelling leads to more phytoplankton
More phytoplankton leads to more fish
More fish lead to commercial fishing jobs and to more seafood

24. Phytoplankton come in many shapes and forms
Phytoplankton come in many shapes and forms. Collectively they form the base of oceanic food webs.
Without upwelling many of the world’s fisheries would not thrive.

25. Some climatic events can reduce upwelling.
El Nino – The simple version:
El Nino is winds/ocean currents in the Pacific Ocean going east towards South America instead of west away from it.
That’s a problem! (Upwelling vs. Downwelling)

26. Along Peru’s coast, an El Nino event decreases the coastal winds and the upwelling from below is slowed.
An El Nino condition results from weakened trade winds in the western Pacific Ocean near Indonesia, allowing piled-up warm water to flow toward South America.

27. El Nino
El Niño and La Niña are important temperature fluctuations in surface waters of the tropical of the Eastern Pacific Ocean.
El Niño—abnormal warming of the surface ocean waters.
La Niña— abnormally cold surface ocean waters.

28. El Nino and La Nina effects
La Niña causes mostly the opposite effects of El Niño, for example, El Niño would cause a wet period in the Midwestern U.S., while La Niña would typically cause a dry period in this area.

29. Even though upwelling areas account for only 1% of the ocean surface, they support 50% of the worlds fisheries.

30. Productivity (phytoplankton growth) of an area is determined by the rate and the duration of upwelling.
Rate of upwelling determines phytoplankton cell size.
Duration of upwelling determines the total amount of phytoplankton.
small vs. large
few vs. many

31. The 5 Gyres

32. Garbage in the Oceans