1. Chemistry of Life
Nature of Matter, Water & Solutions, Chemistry of Cells and Energy & Chemical Reactions

2. Compounds Organic Compounds:
compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon
Inorganic Compounds:
compounds that contain carbon or hydrogen and other elements

3. Macromolecules biological molecules that have a specific function
elements that make up the molecule:
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

4. Macromolecules Nucleic Acids
A long chain of smaller molecules called nucleotides
Nucleotide: contains a sugar, base and a phosphate group (phosphorus and oxygen atoms)
Example: DNA
ATP

5. Macromolecules Proteins Large molecule formed by linking amino acids
Amino acids: building blocks of proteins – twenty different types with different structures and functions
Can be enzymes that promote chemical reactions or create structural function
Examples: Enzymes, Antibodies
ATP

6. Macromolecules Carbohydrates
organic compounds that are a major energy source and provide structure
Building blocks: mono/disaccharides
Purpose: Short term energy
Example: Wheat, potatoes, glucose, fructose, cellulose
ATP

7. Macromolecules Lipids Fats: glycerols and three fatty acids
hydrocarbon backbone, hydrophobic
store energy, provide insulation, make up cell membranes
Example: Fats and oils
ATP

8. Macromolecules Food Type of Macromolecules French Fries
Tacos (soft shell) with just cheese
ATP

9. Energy & Chemical Reactions
Energy in Chemical Reactions
Energy is absorbed and released from breaking and forming bonds
Temperature can determine heat loss or gain
Ice to Liquid Water: heat absorbed
Liquid Water to Ice: heat released

10. Energy & Chemical Reactions
Activation Energy
The energy needed to start a chemical reaction – (the energy level needed to be reached)
Example:
Boulder down a hill – the boulder needs to get pushed to have momentum.

11. Energy & Chemical Reactions
Reaction Rate
The amount of chemical reactions that occur within a certain time

12. Enzymes Catalyst– that reduce the activation energy
Enzyme - Substances that increase the speed of a chemical reaction
Purpose is the help maintain and establish homeostasis

13. Enzymes Enzyme Specificity
Substrate: a substance on which an enzyme acts upon
Active Sites: pockets that are specific to substrates on enzymes

14. Enzymes Lock & Key Model
Only certain enzymes can work with specific chemical reactions
Just like keys are specific to a specific lock

15. Enzymes
pH Scale

16. Enzymes Optimal Environment
Needs a proper pH, temperature and conditions for the reaction to occur
Most work in humans at or around body temperature
Buffers:
used to stabilize conditions
increases chances of the reaction

17. Enzymes Denatured Enzyme changes shape or size
decreases chances of functioning

18. Enzymes Increases reaction rate Heat = no reaction (ruins enzyme)
Summary of Enzymes
Increases reaction rate
Heat = no reaction (ruins enzyme)
Substrate binds to active sites
ENZYMES ARE EXTREMELY SPECIFIC