1. The Rise and Fall of Napoleon (Napoleonic Era) 1802-1815
From Corsican to Emperor to Exile:

2. French Revolution: provides opportunities
The little Corsican
Born August 15, 1769 in rebellion vs. France
Studies Caesar – entered military
French Revolution: provides opportunities
1793 – Noticed by Rev. Gov’t. at Toulon
1794 – Robespierre’s fall & others = Napoleon’s rise
Oct 1795 mob of 80,000 attack NC
Napoleon called upon – fires point blank w/cannons
Uncounted deaths – promotion to major general
March 1796 General-in-Chief of army in Italy

3. The Consulate, 1799-1804 Coup d’etat
Constitution created a three consul system
Napoleon chosen as “First Consul”
The two subordinate consuls had little authority (Talleyrand: Foreign minister)
In 1802, Napoleon changed the Consulate
The people voted, electing Napoleon
“First Consul for life”

4. Napoleonic Code Commission drafted new law codes beginning 1800
1804 Civil Code (for France) goes into effect
By 1810, new laws in commercial and criminal cases had been developed
*Reaffirmed principle of citizens’ equality before the law
Marriage completely secularized – divorce restricted
Women: patriarchal society – obedience – no political voice
Penalties for political crimes increased
Sig: codification of laws for all – introduced to other countries under Napoleonic rule

5. Concordat of 1801 Pope Pius VI condemned clergy who signed CCC
(Bishop) Talleyrand = “stained with perjury and guilty of desertion for relinquishing his church into the hands of laymen of his own authority.”
Danger of split – moves Pius VII to reconciliation with Napoleon
10th draft finally approved by both sides
Recognizes Catholic faith is of majority of French citizens – but not national religion
French gov’t authority to nominate bishops – but Pope invests -- bishops choose priests
Pope won’t interfere with old church lands now owned by others
Napoleon adds “Organic Articles” reestablishing Gallicanism!
Sig: Church re-established after 11 years of suppression, but under French control!

6. Education Reforms State-controlled system of secondary schools
French Academy restored 1795
Professional and technical schools developed as well
E.g. École Polytechnique
Public and some private schools run by a gov’t agency

7. Warfare[“World War” from 1792-1815!]
, 1st Coalition – Prussia, Austria, Great Britain, Spain, Port; Prussia accepts France as Protector of Germany; Spain allies w/ France b/c of Gibraltar
1797 Austria signs treaty of Campo Formio (gives over Belgium; France gets Left Bank of Rhine)
1799 2nd Coalition – R, GB, A, OE, Port, Naples, Vatican
GB defeats Nile (BUT Napoleon returns home w/stories of VICTORY); Nap. Sets out to recapture Italian territories
1801 Peace of Luneville – Fr. Advances on Vienna, Austria sues for peace
1802 Peace of Ameins – Great Britain backs off (1 year of European peace)
“shame of princes” – German princes of Left Bank of Rhine bribe French for Right Bank territory; ultimately leads to Confederation of the Rhine (1806)

8. Stages of Occupation Stage 1 = military conquest & occupation
Stage 2 = establishment of native satellite gov’t.
draft new constitution
regularize relationships w/ France (Spain and Grand Duchy of Warsaw stopped here)
Stage 3 = great internal reform & reorganization
esp. Belgium, Rhine territories, Italy and bulk of Germany
Reform all that is FEUDAL!!!

9. Types of Reform
Church losses position as public authority
Inquisition abolished/church property confiscated
religious tolerance
Guilds abolished
gen. legislation of towns & provinces
internal tariffs removed (free trade)
Napoleonic Code accepted
hereditary office and sale of office abolished / personal expenses sep. from gov’t. expenses
common tax = land tax
BUT, no self government & all dependent states must supply money & soldiers

10. Napoleonic Empire Crowned himself emperor Dec. 3, 1804
1805 “King of Italy”
Established highly organized central gov’t
83 French departments run by Prefects
Dismantled local authorities est. during FR
Linked his authority to the countryside
Reorganized tax collection
Helped to put France on solid financial ground
No tax exemptions for anyone
Taxes collected by professionals

11. Warfare (con’t.) 1804 Napoleon’s Coronation;
War of the Third Coalition,
Great Britain, Austria, Russia, Sweden vs. France
17 Oct at Ulm in Bavaria defeats Austria: goes on to capture Vienna
2 December 1805 at Austerlitz (110 km north of Vienna) defeats Russ./Aus. – “greatest victory”
Austria signs Treaty of Pressburg; Russia retreats to Poland
Holy Roman Empire disbanded by Napoleon
Nap. creates Confederation of Rhine 1806
Napoleon is “protector”
HREmperor Francis II becomes Francis I of Austrian Empire
Prussia enters war vs. France
Jena and Auerstädt October 1806
(Nap. begins Arc de Triumphe!)

14. Warfare con’t. 1807 – Victory at Friedland (June 14)
Swift defeat pushes Russia to ally with France vs. Britain
Treaty of Tilsit: Alexander I accepts Nap. as “emperor of the West” – fears internal Russian revolt if France invades & wouldn’t mind being “Emperor of East”
- Breaks Polish territories from Prussia and forms Duchy of Warsaw; Fr. force occupation of Prussia
Reign of the Bonapartes
Joseph, King of Naples till 1808
Spain 1808 on (guerilla warfare – never “won”)
Louis, King of Holland
Jerome, King of Westphalia
Caroline, Queen of Naples 1808
Austrian War of Liberation 1809
Nap. takes Austrian Poland for Grand Duchy of Warsaw /
Now…for Britain!

15. Continental System
Effort to destroy British economy (“nation of shopkeepers”)
Britain 1805 confirms naval superiority – never a large army on mainland – Nap. will fight sea power with land power
So Berlin Decree, 1806: blockade British ships
So British “Order in Council,” 1807 all ships must stop in British port before moving on to Napoleonic port
So Milan Decree, 1807: retaliation, confiscate British goods
Continental System = colossal failure for French but not for British

16. Napoleonic Empire

17. Disaster Peninsular War, 1808-1814
France occupied Spain and attempts to take over Portugal
Spanish rise up against French (Nap. 1st defeat)
Serious drain financially and militarily / Spanish guerillas supported by Lord Wellington
Russian Campaign, June 1812 – 611,000 men
France invades to punish Russia for refusing to help the Continental System
3 month march to Moscow – short of food – ½ die
Battles severe – winter worse – scorched earth policy of Russians – Napoleon returns with 111,000!
Beginning of the end
Leipzig or Battle of the Nations Oct driven back to France

18. The End…or is it? 11 April 1814, Napoleon abdicates
Allied forces move him to Elba
Louis XVIII, brother of Louis XVI, declared King of France – Bourbons restored!
1st Treaty of Paris: May 1814 – old France
“100 Days”
Napoleon returns to France March 1, 1815
Reaches Paris and heads for Belgium – wants to disperse Congress of Vienna!
Defeated at Waterloo, 18 June Wellington
Napoleon sent to St. Helena island where he dies in 1821
2nd Treaty of Paris: must pay now

19. Europe after Napolean

20. Third of May 1808, Francisco Goya