1. Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles & Vehicle-to-Grid Carl Lawrence, CEO of Hybrids Plus, Inc.
The Road-based Transportation Industry
The Electric Power Grid Utilities
Cleaner, Cheaper Fuel
Distributed Energy Storage

2. Hybrid-Electric Vehicles – Then and Now
Series Hybrid
Parallel Hybrid
Mixed (Hybrid) Hybrid

3. Plug-in Hybrid-Electric Vehicle Benefits
More fuel efficient Lower emissions Lower maintenance
Distance Travelled per Gasoline Gallon Equivalent
One gallon gasoline (132,000 kiloJoules) $1.75/gallon
45 miles ¢/mile
37 Kilowatt-hour battery (132,000 kiloJoules) $3.33
140 miles 2.4¢/mile
Zero Emissions for the first 40 miles per charge.
HEV gets 50 mpg
Toyota Prius
ZEV for 75% of average needs.
PHEV gets 100 mpg
GM Volt

4. Future Plug-In Hybrid-Electric Vehicles
Ford Escape PHEV
Ford Escape PHEV
Cadillac Converj
Dodge Sprinter
BYD E-6 PHEV
Toyota Prius PHEV
GM Volt
Fisker
“Every major vehicle manufacturer in the world has an electric vehicle development program underway”

5. “Grid-Tied” Vehicle Technologies
Electric Utility
Electric
Power
Electric Utilities control charging loads for demand and time of day.
Utilities control power fed back into the grid.
Vehicle owner sets control parameters.

6. Vehicle to Grid (V2G) Benefits
Regulation
Vehicle Batteries
Spinning Reserve

7. Electricity on Demand at Job Sites
Vehicle to House (V2H)
Emergency Electricity
Electricity on Demand at Job Sites
Large batteries in the PHEVs to eliminate engine idling.
Elimination of noisy, polluting generators
Rapid dispatch, deployment and initial operations.

8. PHEVs in the SmartGrid City
PHEV2G Deployment
2008 -
6 Ford Escapes
2009 -
50 Toyota Prius
2010 -
500 OEM PHEVs
“Inverger™”
Technology in each vehicle

9. Colorado Alternative Fuel Tax Credit
[ – 2.5(a)(II.5)]
"Hybrid vehicle" means a motor vehicle with a hybrid propulsion system that uses an alternative fuel by operating on both an alternative fuel, including electricity, and a traditional fuel.
Only uses electricity internally.
Unintended Consequences
Excludes Plug-in Hybrid-Electric conversions since “the hybrid vehicle is already an alternative fuel vehicle.”
Excludes the new Nissan hybrid since it uses E-85 and not a “traditional fuel”.
Results: Converting a Toyota Prius or a Ford Escape hybrid to a Plug-in Hybrid – replacing half of its petroleum used with electricity and giving it a usable ZEV range – is not supported by the Colorado Alternative Fuel Tax Credits or Rebates.