1. How does DNA give us our traits?
DNA codes for the production of proteins, and the proteins give us our traits

2. _______________ Bone and Teeth Muscle Cartilage Skin Nails Hair
A category of molecules, each with a unique shape, found EVERYWHERE in your body:
Proteins comprise:
Bone and Teeth
Muscle
Cartilage
Skin
Nails
Hair
Hemoglobin
Enzymes
Antibodies

3. There are 20 different kinds of amino acids found in living things
Proteins (large molecules called ________) are chains of smaller molecules (called ________) attached together These monomers are called ____________.
There are 20 different kinds of amino acids found in living things
There are thousands, maybe millions, of different kinds of proteins in living things.

4. Imagine that the twenty kinds of amino acids are like twenty different kinds of beads in a bead kit…… and we have an unlimited supply of them.

5. You could make an infinite number of different necklaces from just those 20 different kinds of beads.
Different colors, sequences, shapes, and lengths
EACH NECKLACE HAS A DIFFERENT FUNCTION

6. Likewise, there are endless kinds of proteins that can be made from only ___ different amino acids, and each protein a different function in living things!

7. (nucleus) (cytoplasm)
_________
__________
________
(nucleus)
(cytoplasm)

8. _____ ribonucleic acid –
RNA is like DNA (it’s comprised of nucleotides), with a few differences:
________________(ribose instead of deoxyribose)
Nitrogen-containing bases include:
_______________
______________ (not Thymine!!)
RNA is a ______ helix (not double… ….the bases are unpaired)

9. Three Types of RNA:
Messenger RNA (mRNA)– the “mirror image” of a DNA code; serves as the template from which proteins (specific amino acid sequences) are built
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)– makes up ribosomes, which “read” the RNA code during protein synthesis
Transfer RNA (tRNA)– delivers amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis

10. TRANSCRIPTION
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
DNA “unzips”
With the help of enzymes, RNA nucleotides base- pair with the coding side of the DNA zipper (the mRNA code reflects the DNA code)
The mRNA strand detaches from the DNA
The DNA “re-zips”

11. animation

12. TRANSLATION
animation
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. Free-floating amino acids, tRNA molecules, ribosomes, and enzymes are needed.
mRNA strand leaves the nucleus and enters the cell’s cytopasm
A ribosome attaches to the mRNA strand
The ribosome “reads” the mRNA strand, 3 bases at a time, (codons) until it reaches AUG (start codon)
A tRNA brings over the appropriate amino acid to the site, base-pairing with the mRNA codon
The ribosome moves to the next separate codon, “reads” it; a tRNA brings over appropriate amino acid
Process continues until ribosome hits a STOP codon

13. PRACTICE WITH THE CODE -transcription and translation-
learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/transcribe