1. Qualitative research
Common types of qualitative research designs

2. Qualitative Research Designs
Phenomenological
Ethnographic
Grounded theory
Historical
Case study
Action research

3. Qualitative research designs
The most important features of the six types of qualitative research designs

4. Phenomenological Studies
Examines human experiences
Calls them “lived experiences”
Explores areas with little known knowledge

5. Goal of Phenomenological Studies
To describe the lived experience of the phenomenon of interest
To describe the meaning the experience holds for the informant

6. Phenomenological Studies
Information obtained through interviewing

7. Phenomenological Process
Data collection
Data analysis
Processes simultaneously
Themes and patterns emerge

8. Ethnographic Studies
Involve collection and analysis of data about cultural groups
May focus on an entire culture or a subgroup of the culture
Researcher may live with the people being studied and actually become part of the culture

9. Ethnographic Goal
Develops cultural themes
Looks for cultural patterns

10. Ethnographic Information
Gathered as participant observer
Obtained by interview format

11. Key Informants Participants of culture
Participants with most culture knowledge

12. Grounded Theory Is a qualitative research approach
Developed by sociologists, Glaser and Strauss (1967)
Uses inductive and deductive approaches

13. Grounded Theory Methodology
Data from
Naturalistic or field studies
Participant observation and interviews
Handwritten notes and tape recordings

14. Analysis of Data in Grounded Theory Studies
Data collection and analysis occur simultaneously
Process is known as “constant comparison”
Researcher keeps an open mind and uses an intuitive process
Pertinent concepts are identified and assigned codes
Codes are constantly reviewed as new interpretations are made

15. Literature Review in Grounded Theory Studies
Done after concepts and relationships are identified
Used to see if similar associations are in literature

16. Aim of Grounded Theory Studies
Discovery of basic social processes
Hypothesis generation

17. Historical Research
Concerns the identification, location, evaluation and synthesis of data from the past

18. Aim of Historical Research
To discover events of the past
To relate past events to the present and future

19. Process of Historical Research
Identification of a problem area or area of interest
Performance of a careful and thorough review of the literature
Formulation of research questions
Collection of data
Analysis of data

20. Sources of Data for Historical Research
Documents
Relics
Artifacts

21. Sources of Data for Historical Research
Oral reports
Libraries
Archives
Personal collections

22. Sources of Data for Historical Research
Primary
Secondary

23. Evaluating Data in Historical Research
External criticism—authenticity of data
Internal criticism—accuracy of data

24. Case Study Research
In-depth examinations of people, groups of people, or an institution
Philosophical orientation in the discipline of sociology

25. Case Study Research
Qualitative
Quantitative

26. Qualitative Case Study Research Purposes
Explore the meaning of experiences
Generate hypotheses
Formalize experiential nursing knowledge

27. Data Collection in Case Study Research
Questionnaires
Interviews
Observations
Written accounts by participants

28. Data Analysis in Case Study Research
Content analysis
Patterns and themes

29. Disadvantages of Case Study Research
Time consuming
Costly
Participant dropout

30. Action Research A type of qualitative research
Studies the effects of nursing practice
Implementation of solutions is immediate
Implementation is part of the research process

31. Participatory Action Research (PAR)
A special kind of community-based action research
The participants and researcher are co-researchers throughout the study

32. Steps in PAR Determine the problem Determine the research methods used
Determine the analysis of data
Determine how study results will be used

33. Goal of PAR
Involving the community in the development and assessment of a health program