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The Peace Settlements of 1919-1920
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Treaties with other defeated nations
2 Treaties with other defeated nations Self – determination: The principle that people of common nationality should have the right to govern themselves. Based on language – too simplistic for countries in Eastern Europe Having finalized the Treaty of Versailles with Germany, delegates at the Paris Peace Conference now turned their attention to the other defeated nations – Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria.
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The Treaty of Saint-Germain
3 The Treaty of Saint-Germain Austria signed in 1919 New states or territories added to: Czechoslovakia Yugoslavia Poland Romania And Italy gained some territory Even though Italy received some territory (Italian speaking regions), they had been promised by Britain and France (when they agreed to fight on the side of the allies) that they would also gain some German territories and African territory. This went directly against Wilson’s self-determination concept and Britain and France were not satisfied with Italy’s “help” during the war – they were largely unsuccessful in stopping the Austrians during the war. So, Italy was dissatisfied with what they received and even stormed out of the Paris Peace Conference. There were anti-American riots in Rome and this is the main reason that Italy will side with Germany in the next war.
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The Treaty of Neuilly Bulgaria signed in 1919
5 The Treaty of Neuilly Bulgaria signed in 1919 Lost territory to Greece, Yugoslavia and Romania Click back to map and show again
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The Treaty of Sevres Turkey signed in 1920
6 The Treaty of Sevres Turkey signed in 1920 Lost territory to Greece and Italy Other regions became “mandates” : Palestine, Iraq, Transjordan Britain Syria France Mandate – a transfer of power from one colonial owner to another… again – goes against Wilson’s vision for self-determination, but Britain and France argued that these regions were not stable enough to stand on their own – nationalism and imperialism might take over again, so under their mandate, they would allow minority rights and the countries could bring issues to the League of Nations (paternalism)… so not colonies, but not totally independent. Map: 1-Syria, 2-Lebanon, 3- Palestine, 4-Transjordan, 5-Iraq, 7-10 former German colonies or territories in Africa, 12 – South Africa got control of this territory
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Treaty of Trianon Hungary signed in 1920
7 Treaty of Trianon Hungary signed in 1920 Slovakia goes to Czechoslovakia Croatia and Slovenia go to Yugoslavia Transylvania to Romania
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Reactions to the Paris peace settlement
9 Reactions to the Paris peace settlement Germany had two main issues: 1. “diktat” : Germans were not invited to conference and had no say 2. The treaty was not based on Wilson’s 14 Points (Note: this slide is before the bullet points on notes sheet – have them write it next to the title) Diktat means “dictate” dictated peace. The Germans simply had to accept the terms of the treaty that were imposed on them. They had no choice pts – Germany was under the impression that the treaty would be based on Wilson’s 14 points and it wasn’t completely. QUESTION: What did Wilson mean by “Peace without Victory”
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Justification for German concerns:
10 Justification for German concerns: They were only allowed 100,000 troops - no one else had to disarm! Their African colonies became mandates under Britain and France and South Africa Millions of Germans would now be living in foreign countries Question: why would that present a problem for Germany? (it was a time of intense political instability and rebuilding – may not be enough to police their own state – AND, even though Wilson said everyone should disarm, no one else had to. This is a threat to their national security.) South Africa got the German colony (today Namibia) b/c they were stable and to avoid conflict between Britain and France
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(Germany’s objections continued…)
11 (Germany’s objections continued…) East Prussia became a German exclave in a Polish corridor QUESTION: What the heck does this even mean? …. Show on map and have them think about it and then explain what an exclave is (part of a country that is not attached)
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(German objections continued)
12 (German objections continued) The War Guilt clause – unfairly punished Germany Reparations amount was extremely high $33 Billion Germans felt that this was extremely unfair considering all of the events that led to the war – especially that Austria-Hungary started it. And although the terms of the treaty were harsh, they weren’t even harsh enough for Clemenceau!
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Other countries dissatisfied with the Treaty of Versailles
13 Other countries dissatisfied with the Treaty of Versailles France – Clemenceau felt Germany was still in a position to become a threat again. Russia- not consulted or invited to the conference; much of its former empire was used to create some of the new states in Eastern Europe Italy – felt frustrated and humiliated; they did not receive land that was promised to them for joining allies. Germany only lost lands that it had gained from previous wars, it did not lose any of its original country. France thought it should be broken apart even further to keep it weak. This did not happen.
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14 On the left is the territory Russia lost in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. They thought they’d get that back b/c Germany lost the war. Instead, much of the territories were used to create the new states in Eastern Europe.
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The Problem with Successor States
15 The Problem with Successor States Successor States - new national states (Czechoslovakia, Poland, Yugoslavia, Austria, Hungary) (main idea): Eastern Europe has numerous ethnic groups with conflicting interests. This leads to border disputes, economic difficulties, political instability To be a successor to something means to come after something. These new countries came after the war. The multiple ethnic groups in E. Europe had been living under the great empires of Europe for centuries. Now they would have to establish democracies and governments but there were many different people living together. Christians, Muslims and Jews, various languages – even within particular countries…
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Yugoslavia Several ethnic groups made democracy impossible
16 Yugoslavia Several ethnic groups made democracy impossible Dictator - absolute ruler border disputes with Greece, Bulgaria and Italy
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Poland multiple ethnic groups and 1 million Germans
17 Poland multiple ethnic groups and 1 million Germans border disputes with Russia, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Lithuania
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Czechoslovakia 18 Czechs and Slovaks, and many others - Poles, Jews, Germans the only one who managed to establish and maintain democracy also did well economically developed alliances with Yugoslavia, Romania, Italy and France Minority Group: A group of people living in a country that is dominated by other groups.
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19 Austria Poland and Czechoslovakia had been given productive industrial areas, but Austria was not. had to rely on foreign loans = debt political instability wanted to unite with Germany, but was forbidden by Treaty of Versailles
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20 Hungary Lost much of its industrial land to Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia signed treaties with Italy and Austria to regain lost lands
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The Paris Peace Settlement: an assessment
21 The Paris Peace Settlement: an assessment The Treaty of Versailles caused more problems than it solved Now - draw a “T” chart on your paper and let’s look at two sides of the criticism of the Paris settlements
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Treaty was unfair (left side of T chart)
22 Treaty was unfair (left side of T chart) Germany = bitter, angry, frustrated Italy, Japan, Russia = felt cheated Redrawing the map of Europe left 30 million people living in minority groups under foreign rule.
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(Right side of T chart) It was an impossible situation
23 (Right side of T chart) It was an impossible situation Satisfying all of the demands of the winning nations was impossible Even thought no one was happy, there were fewer people living under foreign rule in 1920 than in 1914 “It is not surprising that they made a bad peace. What is surprising is that they made peace at all” ~An American delegate from the conference
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Attempts to Improve International Relations
1. The Washington Naval Conference 2. The Genoa Conference 1922 3. The Dawes Plan 1924 4. The Locarno Treaties 1925 5. The Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928 6. The Young Plan 1929 7. The World Disarmament Conference
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