1. BBPP1103
Chapter 7
motivation

2. Introduction
William (2000) : Motivation consists of powers that are able to move , direct and enable a person to be diligent in their effort to achieve goals.
It is different from performance.
Performance = motivation x ability x situational constraints

3. Classical model and scientific management
Rue et al (2000) in his classical motivation model , stated that employees can be motivated by money.
Scientific management suggests beyond that…not just money…

4. Motivation approach 1.Need-based approach 2.Process-based model
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Two-factor model
Achievement of needs model
2.Process-based model
Expectancy process
Equity model
Goal-setting model
Reinforcement model

5. Need-based approach : 1.Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Most famous model
An individual has five basic needs which are physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs and self-actualization needs.
According to Maslow, when a particular need has been fulfilled, it will no longer motivate the behavior of employees.
However, hierarchy level differs between individuals in different cultural environment.

6. 2.Two factor model -Accepted widely in the area of management
This model relates between job satisfaction with productivity.
Two factors are motivation factors and hygiene factors
Both factors of motivation and hygiene need to exist together in creating true motivation
Employees will feel dissatisfied if they believe that their work place is not safe, but if the condition of the work place is improved, employees may not necessarily become satisfied.
This approach shows that motivation comes from the individual himself.

7. 3.Achievement of needs model
Developed by David Mc Clelland
Focus on three important needs : achievement, affiliation and power
Need for achievement is the desire to perform something much better and more effectively than before. The amount of motivation of a person depends on factors like childhood, personal experience, education and type of organization joined.
Needs for affiliation relates to desire to control , obtaining power and the ability to influence others.
Needs for social acceptance is the desire of creating friendly relationship.
In this approach, when strength towards these needs had been developed, it will be able to motivate the behavior of individuals.

8. Process-based approaches
1. Expectancy model
Based on the idea that employee believes in the association between effort, performance and result as the consequences of the value and performance that they had fixed on the result.
The level of motivation depends on expectancy, instrumentality and valence.
To increase the expectancy of employee that hard work and effort will bring excellent performance.

9. 2. equity model
Proposed by Stacey Adams
Based on idea that people want to be treated equally. Inequality exist when an employee regards that his/her inputs or contribution receive less salary, benefits or recognitions compared to others
To reduce inequality :- employee might reduce or increase input
Refer pg. 126/270

10. 3. goal-setting model
Motivation model that acts by increasing the efficiency and effectiveness by emphasizing specifically on the outcomes expected.
An important aspect in this model is the involvement of employees in the process of goal-setting.

11. 4. Reinforcement model Pioneered by B.F Skinner
The core of this theory is the assumption that the outcomes or consequences of a person’s behavior at present will affect his or her behavior in the future.
4 types of reinforcement : positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment and elimination
Refer pg. 273

12. The end