1. Chapter 2 Preview Objectives Scientific Method
Observing and Collecting Data
Formulating Hypotheses
Testing Hypotheses
Theorizing

2. Chapter Vocabulary
1. scientific method 2. system 3. hypothesis 4. model 5. theory

3. Chapter 2 Objectives Describe the purpose of the scientific method.
Section 1 Scientific Method
Chapter 2
Objectives
Describe the purpose of the scientific method.
Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative observations.
Describe the differences between hypotheses, theories, and models.

4. Chapter 2 Scientific Method
Section 1 Scientific Method
Chapter 2
Scientific Method
The scientific method is a logical approach to solving problems by observing and collecting data, formulating hypotheses, testing hypotheses, and formulating theories that are supported by data.

5. Observing and Collecting Data
Section 1 Scientific Method
Chapter 2
Observing and Collecting Data
Observing is the use of the senses to obtain information.
data may be
qualitative (descriptive)
quantitative (numerical)
A system is a specific portion of matter in a given region of space that has been selected for study during an experiment or observation.

6. Formulating Hypotheses
Section 1 Scientific Method
Chapter 2
Formulating Hypotheses
Scientists make generalizations based on the data.
Scientists use generalizations about the data to formulate a hypothesis, or testable statement.
Hypotheses are often “if-then” statements.

7. Chapter 2 Formulating Hypotheses
Section 1 Scientific Method
Chapter 2
Formulating Hypotheses
A graph of data can show relationships between variables.. what relationship is shown by graph below?
Finish this hypothesis.. If phosphorus stimulates corn-plant growth, then…?
the effect of phosphorus fertilizer compounds on plant growth

8. Chapter 2 Testing Hypotheses
Section 1 Scientific Method
Chapter 2
Testing Hypotheses
Testing a hypothesis requires experimentation that provides data to support or refute a hypothesis or theory.
Controls are the experimental conditions that remain constant.
Variables are any experimental conditions that change.

9. Chapter 2 Formulating Hypotheses What group is the control group?
Section 1 Scientific Method
Chapter 2
Formulating Hypotheses
What group is the control group?
the group given no fertilizer

10. Section 1 Scientific Method
Chapter 2
Theorizing
A model in science is more than a physical object; it is often an explanation of how phenomena occur and how data or events are related.
visual, verbal, or mathematical
example: atomic model of matter
A theory is a broad generalization that explains a body of facts or phenomena.
example: atomic theory

11. Section 1 Scientific Method
Chapter 2
Scientific Method

12. An Experimental Approach
In the 1500s, a shift started from alchemy to science – King Charles II was a supporter of the sciences
“Royal Society of London for the Promotion of Natural Knowledge”
Encouraged scientists to use more experimental evidence, and not philosophical debates

13. Oxygen was required! Lavoisier
In the late 1700s, Antoine Lavoisier helped transform chemistry from a science of observation to the science of measurement – still used today
He settled a long-standing debate about burning, which was…
Oxygen was required!

14. The Scientific Method
A logical approach to solving problems or answering questions.
Starts with observation- noting and recording information and facts
hypothesis- a proposed explanation for the observation; must be tested by an experiment

15. A. Steps in the Scientific Method
1. Observing (uses your senses)
a) quantitative involves numbers = 95oF
b) qualitative is word description = hot
2. Formulating hypotheses (ideas)
- possible explanation or “educated” guess
3. Testing (Performing experiments) - gathers new information to help decide
whether the hypothesis is valid

16. A. Steps in the Scientific Method
4. Theorizing
constructing models
5. Publish Results
- communicating results in journals, magazines, media, online forums, etc.

17. B. Parts of an Experiment
Problem
question to be answered
2. Hypothesis
proposed answer, educated guess, testable idea
3. Procedure
Steps of the experiment
4. Observations
data gathered from senses, measurements
qualitative and quantitative
5. Conclusions
answer based on data, theorizing

18. Scientific Method
We deal with variables, or factors that can change. Two types:
1) Manipulated variable (or independent variable) is the one that we change
2) Responding variable (or dependent variable) is the one observed during the experiment
For results to be accepted, the experiment needs to always produce the same result

19. Using your senses to obtain information
Hypothesis is a proposed explanation; should be based on previous knowledge; an “educated” guess
The procedure that is used to test the hypothesis
A well-tested explanation for the observations; cannot be proven due to new discoveries
Tells what happened

20. End of Section 1 Show
2.1 Practice Problems: Identify the Controls and Variables (Simpsons)
Challenge: Scientific Method and Experimenting
Video: Sir Alexander Fleming and Penicillin