1. Civil Rights

2. Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896) Arrested for riding in a “whites-only” car
Separate but equal
Jim Crow Laws- laws promoting segregation
The origin of the phrase "Jim Crow" has often been attributed to "Jump Jim Crow", a song-and-dance caricature of blacks performed by white actor Thomas D. Rice in blackface, which first surfaced in 1832 and was used to satirize Andrew Jackson's populist policies

3. NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Thurgood Marshall= chief counsel
Brown vs. Board of Education

4. CORE Congress of Racial Equality Sit-ins
Goal= shame managers into desegregating restaurants
In many places sit-ins were successful

5. Sit-In Movement Started with four students
In two months sit-ins spread to 54 cities in 9 states
Sit-ins very popular among young college students
NAACP and SCLC were hesitant to support, but youth proved they could protest w/o violence

6. Joseph McNeil, Ezell Blair, Jr
Joseph McNeil, Ezell Blair, Jr., David Richmond, and Franklin McCain at Woolworth’s department store.

7. “From my perspective, it was a down payment on manhood…The secret of life is knowing when to take on something difficult and to take something on that might have enormous risks and implications.”
Joseph McNeil,

8. Some students’ Dos and Don’ts during sit-ins:
-Do show yourself friendly on
the counter at all times.
-Do sit straight and always face the counter
-Don’t strike back, or curse back if attacked
-Don’t laugh out
-Don’t hold conversations
-Don’t block entrances

9. Bus Boycott Rosa Parks (1955) arrested for not giving up seat
African Americans boycotted buses
Martin Luther King led the organization in charge of the boycott
1956- Bus segregation declared unconstitutional

10. Martin Luther King Believed in protest through peaceful means
Encouragement to disobey unjust laws
Established the Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Eliminate segregation
Register to vote

11. Freedom Riders Bus travel remained segregated in many Southern states
African Americans and whites traveled from North to South on buses
Attacked by angry mobs…many were viciously beaten
Head of police called KKK to beat Freedom Riders in Birmingham

12. Angry mob waits for Freedom Riders
“When you go somewhere looking for trouble, you usually find it…You just can’t guarantee the safety of a fool and that’s what these folks are, just fools.”

13. “Perhaps the greatest victory of the freedom riders that day was not with the
government or the media; it was their victory over themselves and their own fears. For
they were just beginning the process of breaking down the awful, paralyzing psychic
fear which cities like Birmingham, and Jackson, Mississippi, had always held for black
people, and other blacks, seeing them do it, were emboldened to join them.”
David Halberstam, The Children

14. Little Rock, Arkansas
Central High would admit 9 African American students
Orval Faubus= governor, sent national guard to prevent students from attending
Faubus eventually removed troops, but didn’t break up the mob
Eisenhower sent in the U.S. Army
Troops remained until the end of the school year
-Built in 1927 and hailed as the biggest and most beautiful school in the nation
-Little Rock’s School Board agreed to comply with the decision of courts from 1955 that segregation was unconstitutional. They set forth a plan to slow integrate schools and it was unanimously accepted by the board.
-1957 was when the 9 enrolled, decision based on excellent academic performance.

15. Central High School

16. James Meredith
Air force veteran who applied for University of Mississippi
Governor Ross Barnett refused to let him register
Meredith escorted by federal marshals were met by mobs
Fighting lasted all night
Kennedy sent several thousand troops
Meredith attended classes for the rest of the year under federal guard
Meredith graduated from University of Mississippi in 1963

17. Civil Rights Act of 1957 Protected African Americans right to vote
Created a civil rights division in the govt.
Investigated cases where African Americans were denied the right to vote

18. March on Washington To gain support for Civil Rights Bill
August 28, 1963
I Have a Dream Speech

19. Civil Rights Act of 1964
Gave govt. power to prevent racial discrimination
Segregation= illegal
End discrimination in workplace
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission