1. Unification of Italy and Germany

2. Nationalism
Nationalism: the desire of people with the same customs and beliefs for self-rule.
It is the cultural identity of a people and is based on shared customs and a common history.
Napoleon’s armies spread nationalism throughout Europe
Napoleonic ideals spread
Legal equality for citizens
Religious freedom
Economic freedom and right to earn a living
People under Napoleonic rule resentful
Resented paying taxes to France
Disliked serving in Napoleon’s army
Desired self-rule

3. Nationalism Nationalist movements within Europe spread
Begin in the Balkans with the Greeks
Rebel against Ottomans in 1821
Supported by Britain, France, and Russia
Greeks win independence in 1830
Revolutions occur in Belgium, Italy, and Russia
Most of these crushed
Revolutions erupt across Europe in 1848
Led by liberals
Most suppressed by conservative groups
France was the exception

4. France Charles X attempts to establish an absolute monarchy in 1830
Attempt fails
Replaced by Louis-Philippe
Ruled until 1848
Lost favor
Nationalist, and reforming revolts spread
Overthrown
France declared a republic
President elected
Louis-Napoleon (Bonaparte’s nephew)
Parliamentary system established
Louis-Philippe

5. France Louis-Napoleon (Napoleon III)
Takes title of Emperor Napoleon III (1852)
Stabilizes and Industrializes France
France enjoys prosperity
Napoleon declares war on Prussia (1870)
Prussia wins
Napoleon’s government falls
France faces civil war
Workers try to take control of Paris
Upper-class government crushes workers
Sends troops in to stop overthrow attempt
Increases distrust between upper class and workers
France returned to a republic
Emperor Louis-Napoleon III

6. Unification in Italy
Camillo de Cavour led the unification of the northern Italian states
he was the prime minister of the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia – the largest and most powerful Italian state
Led unification of northern Italian states
With French help unites Piedmont and Lombardy
King Victor Emmanuel – king of Piedmont-Sardinia and will be first king of unified Italy
Giuseppe Garibaldi = led revolts in southern Italy using guerilla warfare (hit and run). United southern Italy and then joins with Cavour to create one Italy under King Victor Emmanuel

9. What Every Student Should Know About Standard 7-3.6 Questions
Explain how Count Camillo di Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi united Italy (cont.).
Garibaldi led unification of the southern Italian states
Garibaldi was a soldier and leader of a group called the Red Shirts
using guerilla tactics, he captured Sicily in the south
Cavour convinced Garibaldi to unite the two sections of Italian states under King Victor Emmanuel II (king of Piedmont- Sardinia) with Rome as its capital
a short time later, Venetia and the Papal States were added to Italy as well

12. Who was Victor Emmanuel II?
king of Piedmont-Sardinia
in 1860, he became king of unified Italy

13. Describe the German Confederation.
39 loosely joined states
Austria and Prussia were the largest and most powerful
Prussia’s ruler was Wilhelm I and he had the support of conservative Prussian nobles called Junkers
Who was Otto von Bismarck?
prime minister of Prussia under Wilhelm I
he would ultimately take full control of Prussia

14. What was Bismarck’s policy of realpolitik?
“the politics of reality”
power politics without any notions of a perfect world – no room for idealism
speeches decide nothing – only hard work and real effort (“blood and iron”) got things done
Bismarck’s efforts to unify Germany was the idea of realpolitik in action

15. Franco-Prussian War
Napoleon III declared war on Prussia in July of 1870
by May of 1871, France was defeated and Napoleon III was captured
all the German states rallied behind Prussia and united to form the German Empire
Germany took territory from France that would be disputed for many years
Wilhelm I becomes Kaiser (emperor) of a united Germany.
Bismarck becomes Chancellor