1. Types of point mutations
Changes in the DNA that affect genetic information

2. Substitution One base is exchanged for another
Silent mutation – changed codon encodes for same amino acid
Missense mutation - changed codon encodes a different amino acid and causes a small change in protein produced
e.g. Sickle cell anemia  substitution in the beta-Hb gene (Glu  Val)
Nonsense mutation - codon for an amino acid is changed into a STOP codon (UAA, UAG, UGA) producing nonfunctional proteins

3. Insertion Deletion Extra base pairs added into a new place in the DNA
Mutation in which a section of the DNA is lost

4. Frameshift mutation
Occurs when insertions or deletions are not bases in multiples of 3
Can alter a gene so that the message is read incorrectly when DNA is read as codons
Normally produces nonfunctional proteins

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7. Causes of mutations Spontaneous mutations Mutagens Replication Repair
Recombination (crossing-over during meiosis)
- Naturally-occurring: 1 nucleotide in 1010 base pairs
Mutagens
High-energy radiation
Chemicals
Enhance substitution and insertion