1. Cell biology

2. Protein structure

3. Complex carbohydrates

4. Complex carbohydrates

5. Complex carbohydrates

6. Announcements * There will be a quiz next laboratory session and
like always; it will cover materials from previous
lab. and from up-coming one.
* Next week lab. is Energy conversion (fermentation).
* Home work for this lab. will is posted on my
web page.
*Another assignment; a prospectus, also due next
week and is posted on my web page.
* Read through page XIV and XV to be prepared for
next week assignment.

7. Today cells and types of cells Domains of life
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Cell division
Diffusion
Osmosis

8. The Cell * It is the the smallest unit of any living organism.
* It is basically a protoplasmic mass; that is a cell
membrane and cytoplasm.
* The cytoplasm is composed of a fluid part (cytosol)
and solid structures (organelles)
* Some other structures may exist depending on the
type of the cell (cell wall in plant cells, cell wall in
bacteria).
* Based on the type of cell, living organisms are
group into three categories.

9. Domains of life

10. Cell type * Generally, cells are either prokaryote or eukaryote
* Prokaryotes
-genetic material (chromosomal DNA) is free
in the cytosol.
- there is no membrane-bound organelles
-no cytoskeleton
* Eukaryotes
-genetic material (chromosomal DNA) is
surrounded by a membrane (the nuclear membrane)
-there are membrane-bound organelles (endoplasmic
reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria,
chloroplast, etc.)
-there is cytoskeleton

11. Prokaryotes * These are bacteria (eubacteria) * unicellular
* They have different shapes, size and environment.
* Some are pathogenic and others are beneficial.
* Microscopic organisms.

12. Archaea * These are middle stage between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
* They have ribosomal subunits that is different from
bacteria and eukaryotes.
* They live in extreme environmental conditions.
* They share bacteria in
-no membrane-bound organelles
-no cytoskeleton
-method of cell division
- unicellularity
* They resemble eukaryotes in
- transcription apparatus

13. Eukaryotes * These includes cells of animals, plants, protozoa,
and fungi.
* Eukaryotic organisms either uni- or multi-cellular
* Humans are multi- cellular eukaryotes.
animal cell

14. Eukaryotes
Plant cell

15. Cell division * Porkaryotes and Archaea
- Cell division occur by process termed “simple
binary fission”
- Basically, the cell double its contents and divide
- It a processes of reproduction (multiplication).
* Eukaryotes
-mitosis… somatic or asexual cell division
-meiosis… sexual cell division
- in multi-cellular organism e.g human, mitosis is
mainly growth related cell division.

16. Diffusion * It is the process by which particles are transported
across the cell membrane.
* Particles moves from a region of higher
concentration toward a region of lower concentration.
* Cell membrane exert a degree of selectivity on the
particle that diffuse through it (selective
permeability)
* O2, Co2, nutrients, etc. diffuse through the cell mem.

17. Osmosis * It is a process of water molecules movement from
hypotonic solution (low solute concentration) to
hypertonic solution (high solutes concentration)
through a semi-permeable membrane (cell
membrane).
* Cytoplasm is a hypertonic solution compared to
tap water.
* What will happen to
animal cell thrown into a beaker filled with tap water..
plant cell …
Bacterial …
* Saline …. 0.9% NaCl, is isotonic solution.

18. Fun time *15 minutes to read the materials and methods for
this laboratory. P 3-4 to 3-9
* Check each station and start work.