1. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Sleep
Sleep: background
Why do we sleep?
Good question, we don’t know
Obviously important (all animals sleep), but we know little about it
Many theories

2. Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep
Sleep: background
Biological theory
To recuperate (recharge batteries)
However, body uses as much energy asleep as it does awake…
Allow body to heal
When we grow
Would all happen if we didn’t sleep

3. Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep
Sleep: background
Biological theory
Glymphatic system (Glial + lymphatic)
Previous – glial cells removed waste
Expand

4. Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep
Sleep: background
Psychological theory
For our brain to process information (cognitive)
Allows brain to rest (little stimuli)
To dream
Finished here

5. Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep
Sleep: background
EEG shows four stages of sleep approximately every 90 minutes
Book says five levels
We’ll talk…

6. Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep
Sleep: REM sleep
Two types of sleep:
1) REM
2) NREM (non-REM): 1 – 3

7. Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep
Sleep: Fully awake
Brain emits beta waves (fairly quick waves)

8. Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep
Sleep: Stage one (NREM 1 / N1)
Level of sleepiness
Still awake, relaxed, “zoning out.”
Description
“Drowsy sleep.”
Time in stage
5 minutes (5% - 10% of time)
What the body is doing
Body prepares for sleep (muscles relax; brain activity, breathing, heartbeat, etc. slow down)
Brain waves
Beta waves transition to alpha waves (slow waves)
Brain waves: additional
Alpha waves transition to slower theta waves toward end
Other
Can experience hallucinations

9. Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep
Sleep: Stage one
Hypnic
Spasm you might get before you fall asleep

10. Beta waves

11. Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep
Sleep: Stage Two (NREM 2 / N2)
Level of sleepiness
Deeper into sleep, stage when you are clearly asleep
Description
n/a
Time in stage
20 minutes (45% - 55% of time)
What the body is doing
Brain waves
Sleep spindles: bursts of rapid, rhythmic, brain wave activity
K-Complex: brief negative high-voltage peak
Brain waves: additional
Other
Conscious awareness of external environment disappears

12. Beta waves
K-complex

13. Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep
Sleep: Stage Three (NREM 3 / N3)
Level of sleepiness
Stage of deepest sleep, difficult to wake
Description
“Deep sleep,” “Slow wave,” or “Delta” sleep
Time in stage
20 minutes (15% - 25% of time)
What the body is doing
Heartbeat, breathing, etc. slow
Brain waves
Transition to Delta waves (associated with deep sleep)
Brain waves: additional
Extremely slow
Other
Stage 3 & 4 have been combined into one stage.

14. Beta waves

15. Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep
Sleep: Stage four
Level of sleepiness
Stage of deepest sleep
Description
“Slow wave” sleep
Time in stage
Stages 3 & 4: 30 min. total
What the body is doing
Heartbeat, breathing, etc. extremely slow
Brain waves
Delta waves
Brain waves: additional
All delta waves, all the time
Other
n/a

16. Beta waves
K-complex

17. Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep
Sleep: Stages
After Stage 3, you cycle back to Stage 2, and into REM sleep
Stage 1 sleep:
Generally only when you first go to sleep
Sometimes between Stage 3 & REM

18. Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep
Sleep: Stages
1, 2, 3, 2, REM, 2, 3, 2, REM…

19. Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep

20. Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep
Sleep: Stages
Normal sleep cycle: ~ 90 minutes
As sleep cycle continues:
R.E.M. cycle gets longer and longer
Other stages get shorter & eventually disappearing – except for Stage 2

21. 10 minutes
5 minutes
20 minutes
30 minutes

23. Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep
Sleep: Stages
All stages of sleep, aware of stimuli (mostly sound)
Sense & process information at other levels of consciousness (incorporate into dreams)

24. Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep
Sleep: REM sleep
REM sleep
Known as “Paradoxical sleep”
muscles relaxed (externally calm)
other systems (especially brain) active

25. Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep
Sleep: REM sleep
Body during REM
Heartbeat & breathing increases
Behind eyelids, eyes moving
Muscles relaxed, body paralyzed
REM-atonia
Motor cortex active, but brainstem blocks its signals

26. Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep
Sleep: REM sleep
Brain during REM
Brain waves: similar to waking state
Stage when dreaming occurs

27. Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep
Sleep: Sleep deprivation
Making up sleep debt
REM rebound
More time spent in REM; less time in NREM
REM most important sleep?
Supports theory we sleep to dream

28. Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Disorders
Sleep: Primary Sleep disorders
Effects sleep
Disorders not caused by outside factors (another mental disorder, medical disorder, etc.)
Two kinds

29. Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Disorders
Sleep: Primary Sleep disorders
1) Dyssomnias:
Relating to amount, quality, timing of sleep
Sleep cycle disrupted or abnormal
Disrupts functioning during waking hours

30. Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Disorders
Sleep: Sleep disorders
2) Parasomnia:
Occurs during sleep or sleep/wake transitions
Doesn’t disrupt sleep or sleep cycle
Person usually unaware
Usually not disruptive of waking hours

31. Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Disorders
Sleep: Sleep disorders – dyssomnias
Insomnia
Difficulty falling asleep, or staying asleep
Usually symptom of something else (stress, etc.)
At least 3 months, 3 times a week

32. Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Disorders
Sleep: Sleep disorders – dyssomnias
2) Hypersomnia
AKA, “Excessive Daytime Sleepiness”
Basically, opposite of insomnia
No matter time slept - doesn’t feel rested
Longer sleep cycles? (3 hours vs. 90 minutes)

33. Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Disorders
Sleep: Sleep disorders – dyssomnias
3) Sleep apnea
Person stops breathing while sleeping
Body wakes to “kick start” breathing
Never goes through full sleep cycle
Person feels sleepy during the day

34. Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Disorders
Sleep: Sleep disorders – dyssomnias
3) Sleep apnea
Two types:
1. Obstructive: something obstructs breathing (physical)
2. Central: Hindbrain not working properly (brain related)

35. Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Disorders
Sleep: Sleep disorders – dyssomnias
4) Narcolepsy
Sudden, irresistible attack of falling asleep
Waking -> REM sleep
Repeated, unpredictable
Occurs even with enough sleep
Usually brought on by stress
Done 11/20/2010

36. Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Disorders
Sleep: Sleep disorders – dyssomnias
4) Narcolepsy, continued
Often accompanied by:
Cataplexy
Loss of muscle tone
REM intrusions
Directly into REM sleep
Hallucinations
Done 11/20/2010

37. Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Disorders
Sleep: Sleep disorders – Parasomnia
1) Nightmares
Bad, upsetting dream
Usually symptom of something else
Only problem if excessive
Occurs in REM

38. Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Disorders
Sleep: Sleep disorders – Parasomnia
2) Night terrors/sleep terror disorder
Sympathetic nervous system highly aroused
Abrupt awaking, but unaware
Screaming, crying

39. Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Disorders
Sleep: Sleep disorders – Parasomnia
2) Night terrors/sleep terror disorder
Person usually doesn’t remember anything once awake
Stage 4, not REM
Unknown what it is or cause
Usually in children

40. Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Disorders
Sleep: Sleep disorders – Parasomnia
3) Sleep walking (Somnambulism)
Doing something asleep usually done while awake
Stage 3 & 4 sleep
Old theory: acting out dream – REM atonia failed
Not in REM

41. Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Disorders
Sleep: Sleep disorders – Parasomnia
4) Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder
Acting out dream (REM-atonia failed)
Rarely leave bed (kicking, thrashing, etc.)
Associated with neurodegenerative disorders (Parkinson, etc.)
Need to add to study guide