1. United States Enters the War
Chapter 23 Section 3
8.1- Identify the causes of World War II.
What did the United States do to prepare for war in 1940 and 1941?

2. Morning Work September 28 ,2016
1st Period
Agenda
Write questions
When did Germany invade Poland?
What is appeasement?
Morning Work
Two-Minute-Talks: Why did US enter WWII?
Lecture: United States Enters War
Pearl Harbor

3. Morning Work September 27, 2016
2nd/3rd Period
Agenda
Write questions
When did Germany invade Poland?
What is appeasement?
Morning Work
Two-Minute-Talks: Why did US enter WWII?
Lecture: United States Enters War
Pearl Harbor

4. American Isolationism
Americans were isolationists
the desire to avoid involvement in foreign affairs.
FDR-not an isolationist
Neutrality Act:
Passed by Congress in Aug. 1935
Prohibited the sale of arms or making loans to warring countries.
Congress wanted to remain neutral
Many Americans had questioned what the Allies’ costly victory in WWI had actually achieved. These feelings helped explain why the US Senate was unwilling for America to join the League of Nations. Many feared that the League of Nations would drag the US into future wars.
The desire to avoid involvement in foreign affairs was known as isolationism.
Isolationism was shared by both liberals and conservatives in the 1930s. Isolationists were not necessarily pacifists- ppl who do not believe in military force. Most isolationists simply wanted to preserve America’s freedom to choose the time and place for action.
Roosevelt was not an isolationist he wanted to join the League of Nations, an unpopular view in 1932.In his 1st term he rarely focused on foreign policy matters. He was focused on solving problems at home by implementing his New Deal programs. When Congress did discuss foreign affairs, it was generally to pass isolationists measures, such as the Neutrality Act in prevented the nation from being drawn into war.
The Neutrality Act prohibited the sale of arms or making loans to warring countries.
While many Americans were focusing on their own problems in the 1930s, circumstances overseas were taking an alarming turn.
Roosevelt needed the support of isolationists in Congress. They wanted to remain neutral.
The United States did not intervene in the Spanish Civil War or the Japanese invasion of China
When Italy invaded Ethiopia, Roosevelt stopped arms sales to both countries—which hurt only Italy.
Roosevelt did not want to remain neutral—he was worried about the aggressive actions of totalitarian leaders.
After Japan invaded China in 1937, FDR decided it was time to speak out. IN a speech in Chicago, he offered his views on recent world events. FDR compared the spread of war to the spread of a contagious disease. Such diseases can be stopped, he said by a quarantine. This means identifying the sick and separating them from the healthy. FDR urged the US to work w/ peace-loving countries to quarantine aggressive nations and stop the spread of war.
Roosevelt began to speak out against neutrality with his Quarantine Speech.
Neutrality Act: Roosevelt said that the new law would require American vessels to obtain a license to carry arms, would restrict Americans from sailing on ships from hostile nations and would impose an embargo on the sale of arms to "belligerent" nations. Most observers understood "belligerent" to imply Germany under its new leader, Adolf Hitler, and Italy under Benito Mussolini.

5. Preparing for War
Congress changes the neutrality laws to cash-and-carry
Countries at war could buy American goods if they paid cash/picked up their goods at American ports.
Roosevelt urged a policy of “all aid short of war.”
Roosevelt’s quarantine speech upset many isolationists. They predicted that his policies would lead to war. Still others applauded Roosevelt. The president seemed to be gaining strength over the isolationists.
In early 1938 Roosevelt sought from Congress money for building new naval vessels. Isolationists saw warships mainly as a means of fighting wars far from the US. Congress approved the request.
But Hitler’s aggressive actions strengthened FDR position.
Isolationists had cheered Chamberlain’s appeasement at Munich. When German forces invaded Poland FDR got Congress to change it’s neutrality laws.
Congress changed the neutrality laws to a new policy called cash-and-carry.
Countries at war could buy American goods if they paid cash and picked up their goods at American ports.
Roosevelt hoped the cash-and-carry policy would allow the Allies to slow Hitler’s advances. German victories in 1940 convinced the president that he needed to do more.
Roosevelt urged a policy of “all aid short of war.”
He traded 50 aging warships for eight British military bases. Isolationists opposed the deal, but were too weak to stop it

6. Election of 1940 Democrat nominee: Republican nominee:
Franklin Roosevelt
Republican nominee:
Wendell Willkie
Business leader
Roosevelt wins a third term
As Europe was erupting in war, Roosevelt decided to seek a third term as president. Though no one had ever been elected to more than two terms, Roosevelt felt that the world situation required experience in the White House. Roosevelt defeated business leader Wendell Willkie for an unprecedented third term as president. IN terms of foreign policy, Willkie’s views were similar to Roosevelt’s. The voters decided to stick with Roosevelt for another term.

7. Roosevelt’s Moves Toward War
Roosevelt- US an “arsenal of democracy”
Lend-Lease Act
Allowed the nation to send weapons to Great Britain.
Roosevelt continued his drive to provide aid to allies in their fight against Hitler’s armies. Ina speech at the end of December 1940, Roosevelt declared his goal of making the US the “arsenal of Democracy.” An arsenal is a place where weapons are stored.
Lend-Lease-Act Allowed the nation to send weapons to Great Britain regardless of its ability to pay.
Roosevelt and Winston Churchill met secretly in They agreed to the Atlantic Charter. This document proclaimed the shared goals of the United States and Britain in opposing Hitler and his Allies.
Isolationists reacted strongly to these developments. They viewed them as steps leading directly into war. US was looking like a nation at war.
Despite German U-boat attacks on U.S. ships trying to deliver goods under the Lend-Lease Act, isolationists continued to oppose entry into the war

8. Roosevelt Moves Toward War
Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to the Atlantic Charter
Proclaimed the shared goals of the U.S. & Britain in opposing Hitler and his Allies.

9. Increasing Tensions in East Asia
Japan invaded China’s northern region of Manchuria in 1931
Area was rich with iron and coal
July 7, 1937: Japan began a war against China
Nanking was China’s capital
Japan invaded Nanking in December 1937
U.S. –send aid to China
Japanese nationalists expanded their influence in the 1930s.
Japan increasingly viewed itself as a great imperial power. In 1934 it began expanding its naval forces. This violated promises made at the Washington Naval Conference in the early 1920s. In 1936 it signed an anticommunism pact w/ Germany that clearly linked Japan w/ Europe’s Fascist menace.
Then in 1937, Japan began a war w/ China: Attack was marked w/ great brutality. Ex: Japanese troops massacred an estimated 200,000 to 300,000 Chinese in the capture of Nanjing.
Then in 1940 Japan formed a military alliance w/ Germany and Italy. These 3 nations were known as Axis Powers.

10. Increasing Tensions in East Asia
September 27, 1940: Japan formed a military alliance w/ Germany/Italy.
Axis Powers
July 21,1941: Japan moved to take control of French Indochina.
U.S. places oil embargo on Japan
October 17, 1941: Tojo becomes prime minister of Japan
Hideki Tojo wouldn’t settle for any compromises
In 1941, with the agreement of the French Vichy government, moved to take control of French Indochina.
Takeover of Indochina: w/ the agreement of the French Vichy Government Japan took over French Indochina. This was a French colony in Southeast Asia that included the modern day countries of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. Japan’s takeover threatened British and American interest in the region. It signaled Japan’s intention to seek the oil and other resources of the Dutch East Indies (today known as Indonesia), the Philippines, and other pats of Southeast Asia.
Roosevelt took steps to punish Japan economically and to deny its access to vital oil supplies. This was a serious threat to Japan’s future plans.
Representatives of the 2 nations met to try and settle their growing differences. In Japan, a powerful groups led by Hidekl Tojo, pushed the government not to accept any compromise. Tojo was a strong nationalist and was wiling to go to war in order to build a Japanese empire. In October 1941 Tojo took control of Japan’s government.
American leaders has not realized it, but the time for compromise w/ Japan was over.

11. Indochina

12. Attack on Pearl Harbor
American leaders convinced war between U.S. and Japan was likely.
Causes:
Japan wanted total domination of East Asia- U.S.= major obstacle!
Japan needed oil
China: U.S. long friend of China/sent aid to China
U.S. insisted Japan withdraw from Indochina/China
Japan refused
U.S. place oil embargo on Japan (July 26, 1941)
Japan’s alliance with Germany/Italy
Hideki Tojo hostility towards the US
While the situation in Europe troubled many Americans, an even bigger threat to peace was taking shape in the Pacific Ocean. BY the late fall of 1941, American leaders were convinced that war b/w the US and Japan was likely.
Conflict between Japan and the United States over French Indochina
Japan’s alliance with Germany and Italy
Japan’s prime minister, Hideki Tojo, was hostile towards the United States.
Many Americans felt the Japanese would attack American base in the Philippines or British territory in Southeast Asia. American officials were determined not to fire the first shot.
US continued to negotiate w/ the Japanese. At the same time, they warned Americans forces throughout the world to be prepared for a possible Japanese attack.

13. Causes of Pearl Harbor Cont..
U.S. insisted Japan withdraw from Indochina/China
Japan refused

14. The Attack on Pearl Harbor
An attack on Pearl Harbor was possible
No single commander in charge
Routine defensive steps were not in place.
December 7, 1941: the Japanese attacked
American officials were correct. Japan had decided on war. For months Japanese officials had been developing plans for a surprise attack on American naval base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Home to the US Navy’s Pacific Fleet. Plan called for aircraft carriers to approach the island from the north. Warplanes loaded w/ bombs and torpedoes would lift off from the carriers and destroy as many American ships/planes as possible. American military leaders believed for months that a attack on Pearl Harbor was a possibility. In December 1941, however, forces at the base were unready to defend it. This was in part b/c no single commander was in charge of Pearl Harbor’s defenses. In the resulting confusion, routine defensive steps, such as using airplanes to watch for approaching ships were not in place. The Japanese attack force was able to approach Pearl Harbor unprecedented.
Defensive steps such as planes to watch approaching ships were not in place.
As the sun rose on Sunday morning, December 7, 1941, the Japanese strike force went into action.

15. The Attack on Pearl Harbor
The attack lasted 2 hours
All 8 battleships were damaged
4 were sunk
Nearly 200 aircraft were destroyed
The raid was a complete surprise to America. Most American fighter planes in Hawaii never got off the ground.
Hundreds were severely damaged or destroyed where they sat.
The attack lasted barely 2 hours.
Aircraft carriers approached the island of Oahu.
War planes loaded with bombs and torpedoes left the carriers and destroyed American ships and planes.
All 8 battleships were damaged; 4 were sunk.
Nearly 200 aircraft were destroyed.
Some 2,400 Americans were dead.
Japan lost only a handful of submarines and fewer than 30 planes
It was a complete defeat for the U.S.

16. Attack on Pearl Harbor Some 2,400 Americans were dead
Japan lost only a handful of submarines and fewer than 30 planes.

17. Attack on Pearl Harbor

18. Attack on Pearl Harbor

19. Attack on Pearl Harbor

20. Attack on Pearl Harbor

21. Attack on Pearl Harbor

22. America at War!

23. American Reaction Americans were angry and fearful
December 8, 1941: The United States declared war on Japan.
December 11, 1941: Germany and Italy declared war on the United States.
Americans reacted to the news of the Pearl Harbor attack with anger and fear.
Rumors spread that Japanese troops would soon invade the West Coast. Californians reported seeing submarines off the Pacific coast.
Some Americans feared that Japanese Americans would assist an invasion of the mainland.
Roosevelt expected a Japanese strike but he also expected an official declaration of war. Indeed, the Japanese ambassadors an appointment to deliver such a message on the day of the attack. By the time they arrived, however, Pearl Harbor was in flames. FDR was furious that Japan had meant to deceive the U.S.
On December 8, 1941 FDR asked Congress for a declaration of war.
The United States declared war on Japan.
Three days later Germany and Italy declared war on the United States

24. USS Arizona Memorial

25. Exit Slip WRITE QUESTIONS What is isolationism?
What was the Lend-Lease Act?
List 3 causes for the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor?
When did the Japanese attack Pearl Harbor?
Why was the attack on Pearl Harbor a disaster for the United States?

26. Morning Work October 8, 2013 Write questions
What military strategy did Hitler use in Poland?
How does German plan to knock Britain out of the war?
Morning Work
Take Mid-Term
Movie: Pearl Harbor

27. Morning Work October 4, 2013 WRITE QUESTIONS!!!
What was the Lend-Lease Act?
Who was Britain’s prime minister during WWII?
Morning Work
Lecture: U.S. Enters WWII
FDR’s Speech
Activity: Japan or Germany First?