1. LIPIDS & PROTEINS

2. I. LIPIDS: Commonly called fats & oils
Contain more C-H bonds and less O atoms than carbohydrates.
Ex: C57H110O6
Nonpolar; therefore repel water (insoluble)

3. I. LIPIDS: Functions of lipids in our body:
Long term energy storage (used when carbohydrates are NOT available)
Insulation
Protect body tissue (cushioning)

4. WHICH HAS MORE ENERGY – LIPIDS OR CARBS?
One gram of fat contains TWICE as much energy as one gram of carbohydrates. Therefore, fats are better storage compounds!

5. Types and Examples of Lipids:
1. Sterols- steroids
2. Waxes – bee, furniture, ear, car
3. Cholesterol- in egg yolks, red meat
4. Fats- from animals
5. Oils – from plants

6. Structure of Lipids: Basic building blocks: 3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol
Long chains of carbon with a carboxyl group at one end

7. Structure of Lipids:
One fatty acid:

8. Structure of Lipids:
Glycerol and each fatty acid chain are joined to each other by dehydration synthesis.

9. Structure of a lipid (1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids):

10. 3 types of fats:
1. Saturated fats = fatty acid chains of carbon with only single bonds between the carbon atoms
Solid at room temperature
Ex: butter

11. 3 types of fats:
2. Unsaturated fats = fatty acid chains of carbon with ONE double bond between the carbon atoms
Liquid at room temperature
Ex: Olive oil

12. 3 types of fats:
3. Polyunsaturated fats = more than one double bond between the carbon atoms in the chain

13. Structural formulas for saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids:

14. What happens to lipids in the body?
Broken down by the digestive system into fatty acids and glycerol which are then absorbed into the body through the bloodstream, where the body cells take the fatty acids and glycerol and make needed lipids

15. I. Lipids:
Triglycerides = Majority of fat in organism consist of this type of fat molecules
Derived from fats eaten in foods or made in the body from other energy sources like carbohydrates.

16. I. Lipids:
Calories ingested in a meal and not used immediately by tissues are converted to triglycerides and transported to fat cells to be stored.
Storage – 3 month supply of energy vs. glycogen’s 24 hour supply

17. I. Lipids:
Hormones regulate the release of triglycerides from fat tissue so they meet the body's needs for energy between meals.

18. Excess Triglycerides- Life Applications:
Cause plaque to build up
Arteriosclerosis = walls of the arteries get thick and hard; fat builds up inside the walls and slows the blood flow
Cause blood clots – heart attacks, strokes

19. Excess Triglycerides- Life Applications:
Hypertension (high blood pressure)

20. II. PROTEINS:
Large complex polymer composed of C, H, O, N, & sometimes S
Basic building blocks: Amino acids
20 different amino acids

21. II. PROTEINS:
Example amino acid:

22. II. PROTEINS:
Amino acids are linked together by dehydration synthesis to form a protein

23. II. PROTEINS: Ex: 2 amino acids joined by dehydration synthesis
(dipeptide)

24. II. PROTEINS:
Peptide bond = a covalent bond that joins amino acids to each other

25. II. PROTEINS:
Proteins- named for the number of amino acids that make them
Ex:
two amino acids = dipeptide
three amino acids = tripeptide
many amino acids = polypeptides

26. II. PROTEINS: Essential Amino Acids:
10 of the 20 amino acids are “essential” because they are required by the body but are not created by it.
As a result, it must be provided by our diet. If one is missing then proper growth and repair cannot be maintained.

27. Functions of proteins in our body:
Muscle contraction
Transport oxygen in the bloodstream

28. Functions of proteins in our body:
4. Carry out chemical reactions
Provide immunity (antibodies)

29. What happens to PROTEINS in the body?
Broken down by the digestive system into amino acids which are then absorbed into the body through the bloodstream, where the body cells take the amino acids and makes protein for muscles.