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General Psychology and Methods

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Presentation on theme: "General Psychology and Methods"— Presentation transcript:

1 General Psychology and Methods
Lap 1

2 What is Psychology? Psychology: the scientific study of the mind and behavior Chapter 1, Section 1

3 What does Psychology want to accomplish?

4 Approaches to Psychology
Many different approaches to study behavior each does it differently (the how) Developmental (Lap 5) Cognitive (Lap 5) Neuroscience/ Psychobiology– the brain Socio-cultural/ Social-- interactions Health/ Clinical/ Mental illness Chapter 1, Section 1

5 How does Psychology reach its goals? By studying behaviors…
Observable Examples: eat food Unobservable Examples: hunger, boredom, coping mechanism… Objective XX is holding a pencil Facts- detached, balanced, unbiased Subjective Observations I like your headband Opinions- personal, emotional, biased

6 Goals of Psych Q: What does each indicate is important to psychologists? Why valuable? How misused? Which is most important? Q: What future behaviors could be predicted based on your own past behaviors?

7

8 Historical Approaches to Psychology
The Beginning Wm.Wundt – founder of Psych as a science First experimental Psych research lab To scientifically study and collect data on the mind Structuralism –Study behavior to determine a structure to the thought process Methods: Systematic Introspection- describe your own experiences/ thoughts with self-observation Collect data on one’s own conscious experiences/ reactions Flaws- reporting own feelings is unreliable/ biased Chapter 1, section 2

9 Historical Approaches to Psychology
William James- Father of Psych (in the US) Book: The Principles of Psychology Functionalism- Studied functions of mental processes Especially when in adapting to the environment What is the purpose of behavior and mental processes? To adapt and survive (Darwin Reaction to Structuralism Methods: improved research methods/ scientific method Flaws: can this be studied directly??

10 Historical Approaches to Psychology
Sigmund Freud Book: The Interpretation of Dreams Psychoanalysis- Studied the unconscious mind To explain behavior, personality, and mental/ physical disorders Thoughts and desires influence our behavior Expressed in dreams and “slips of the tongue” CONTROVERSIAL Methods: Psychothreapy (with Jung) To collect data and interpret unconscious thoughts Dream analysis Free Association- say anything Flaws- reporting and analysis unreliable/ biased

11 Newer Approaches to Psychology
Watson and Skinner Behaviorism- Behavior is a product of prior learning Behavior without thought… like a reaction/ impulse A response to Functionalism and Psychoanalysis Method: study observable behaviors More in Lap 3!

12 Wertheimer Gestalt psychology emphasized perception of “whole pattern” (‘Gestalt’) of behavior See behavior in its entirety, not in isolation Reaction to Structuralism, Behaviorists, and Freud Method: focus on the conscious mind to study how sensations affect perceptions… leads to Humanist and Cognitive Psychology Flaw:

13 Methods: invented modern personality tests
Sir Francis Galton Nature vs. nurture Inheritable Traits- Study genius, ability, character, and personality to determine if they are hereditary Methods: invented modern personality tests

14 Newer Approaches to Psychology
Carl Rogers, Abe Maslow Humanism- the importance of the individual Emphasizes the inner-self and the importance of feelings, not the unconscious or environment Behaviors are self-directed See the whole person A response to Psychoanalysis, Behaviorists, and Gestalt Methods: client centered therapy, emphasized subjective meaning Flaws: unobservable inner experiences– data???

15 Newer Approaches to Psychology
Piaget, Ellis Cognitive Psych.- Studied mental processes Inner mental processes outward, measurable behavior How do our thoughts determine behavior? How do we process, store, retrieve, and use info? How do we perceive, learn, and remember info? A response to Functionalism, Gestalt, and Behaviorism Methods: study observable, measurable behavior Flaws: More in Lap 3!

16

17 The Scientific Method:
See Activity #3 Chart Chapter 2, Sec 1

18 Scientific Method Example Question: Does Bayer Aspirin relieve headaches better than a placebo? Hypothesis: Control Group vs. Experimental Group Independent Variable vs. Dependent Variable Perform Experiment- systematically gather data Analyze data and draw conclusions

19 Scientific Method Independent Variable (IV) –manipulated by the researcher IF Ex: If you take aspirin in X dose, will your headache go away? Dependent Variable (DV) – the behavior or response that is measured THEN The headache- hopefully, is affected by the aspirin Chapter 2

20 Scientific Method Biased sample Placebo effect Double Blind Experiment
Correlations Validity Reliability

21 Experiments Which type of experiment would you do? Case Study Survey
Naturalistic Observation

22 Psychology as a Profession
Psychologist Psychiatry- medical doctor Clinical psychologist- interprets tests Councilor – everyday life Developmental/ Educational Etc….

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