1. Kingdoms and Classification

2. If you had 10 minutes to buy milk and chips in a new grocery store, would you know where to look?
If the store has things classified, it makes it easier and faster to locate items

3. *Classification is Everywhere
Grocery stores classify items by type
baking items, dairy items, frozen food,
Post offices classify mail by destination
zip code, then street, then house number
Schools classify students by traits
grade number, gender, academic ability
*items in green should be written down

4. *Classification gives clues
Scientists have identified more than 2 million species of organisms here on Earth
Scientists group organisms based on similarities
When organisms are arranged in groups, they are easier to study
Classifying organisms into groups is called Taxonomy

5. What is a cassowary?
What does a cassowary look like? What does a cassowary eat? How big is a cassowary?

6. If you know that a cassowary is classified as a bird, you also know that…
It has wings
It has feathers
It has hollow bones
It has a beak
It is probably an omnivore
It can be seen using only the eyes
Classification clues us in

7. *Scientists classify based on STRUCTURE
The basic structure of an organisms doesn’t change.
What would happen if we classified organisms based on color?
A zebra and a zebra fish would be cousins!

8. Make a Chart
Kingdom
# of Cells
Photosynthesis?
Nucleus?

9. Aristotle had 2 kingdoms
Plants
Don’t Move
Green
Animals
Move around

10. After Careful observation…
Fungi didn’t fit…
Can grow in the dark
Spring up overnight
Need dead things to grow on
So we created a 3rd kingdom for Fungi

11. Mold
yeast
A sampling of fungi

12. truffles
mushrooms
More examples of fungi

13. This 3-kingdom system lasted for several hundred years
Until microscope technology allowed us to see smaller organisms

14. Most of what they saw in the microscope wouldn't fit into these three kingdoms
They could move like animals, but had only one cell
They didn’t have to “mate” to reproduce
Paramecium

15. So scientists created a fourth kingdom called Protista
Single celled
Live in water or very moist environments
Most can move
Some are photosynthetic
Many are parasites

16. Euglena
giardia
A sampling of protists

17. algae
amoeba
More protists

18. These 4 kingdoms were the only ones for a few years until microscopes improved, and we could see inside single cells
We noticed differences in nuclei
Some organisms didn’t have a nucleus at all – only a single chromosome floating in the cytoplasm

19. Strep bacteria
Staph bacteria
A sampling of Monerans

20. e. Coli bacteria
Meningiococcal bacteria
More Monerans

21. Sleeping sickness
pneumonia
Even more Monerans

22. Currently we have 5 kingdoms
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protista
Monera
Many scientists want to divide the moneran kingdom and make a 6th kingdom because bacteria can be very different. Archaebacteria – weird Eubacteria – normal

23. Some scientists even want to create a 7th kingdom for viruses
Viruses aren’t technically alive because they can’t live without a host

24. ebola
influenza
A sampling of viruses

25. cold
h.i.v
More Viruses

26. The better our technology becomes, the more we know about organisms

27. We have a system for describing exactly where things fit….. TAXONOMY
Just like when you send a letter to Portugal, first you specify the country, then the city, then the street, then the building, then the floor number, then left or right, then the room number. Otherwise it would be impossible to find people.

28. To locate a living thing…
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

29. Let's make this easy to remember.
Once upon a time, in a kingdom far, far away, there lived a prince named Phillip…
Carollus Linneaus

30. The moral of the story is…
Linneaus wrote in the margin of his notebook…
King
Phil
Came
Over
For
Gun
Shot

31. And you will forever remember
King Kingdom
Phil Phylum
Came Class
Over Order
For Family
Gun Genus
Shot Species

32. So how do we know where to put things in the classification scheme?
Remember, living things are classified on similarities in structure.

33. First, start with the kingdom
A Snowy Owl belongs to the animal kingdom because
it can move
it is made of more than one cell
it has to eat

34. Then, decide on the Phylum
A Snowy Owl belongs to the Chordata Phylum because
It has a spinal cord
It has bones

35. Then decide on the Order
A Snowy Owl belongs to the Order Strigiformes because
It is a carnivore
It has large, sharp talons

36. Then decide on the Family
A snowy owl belongs to the family Stringidae because
It has a hooked beak
It has a round face
It hunts at night

37. Then decide on the genus,
A Snowy Owl belongs to the genus Bubo because
It lives in the Northern Hemisphere
It has a fourth talon

38. Then decide on the species
A Snowy Owl belongs to the scandiacus species because
It is white
It weighs about 40 grams
It has dense downy feathers

39. The more classification levels that are shared by two organisms, the more alike they are.
A snowy owl is more like a barn owl than an earthworm.

40. If they are in the same species, they can breed and produce offspring that can also reproduce.

41. Scientific name = Genus species
Example: Homo sapiens = humans

42. Which of these are most closely related?
A Felis familiaris
B Canis familiaris
C Canis lupus