1. Ensuring Access to Plant Resources for Meeting Market Demand
Zac Tchoundjeu and Antoine Kalinganire
ICRAF West and Central Africa Region
First Africa Dry Lands Week, Dakar, June 2011

2. ARTICULATIONS
Why high-value indigenous fruit trees and medicinal plants are not widely used in regeneration programs?
Could Participatory Tree Domestication change the perception of indigenous tree species?
Could livelihood of local population being improved by production and marketing agroforestry species?
Could participatory tree domestication increase active participation of rural farmers to Great Green Wall Program

3. 2008 World Development Report (www.worldbank.org/wdr2008)
Agriculture fundamental to sustainable development in Africa
Lead sector for overall growth, poverty reduction and food security
It is happening — growth accelerating with better incentives
Focus must now be on increasing smallholder productivity
Approach tailored to diverse rainfed farming systems

4. Increase Yields, Decrease Poverty
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa:
Source: Agriculture for Development, World Development Report, World Bank, 2008.

5. Seed and seedling supply systems
Policy conclusions:
Transaction costs should be reduced by promoting smaller seed enterprises as part of a commercial
commodity chain in a market that encourages the operation of small, competitive seed and seedling
retailers.
Markets should be developed by supporting more efficient local and regional retail markets and facilitation
of production of a wider range of suitable species of high genetic quality, based on promotion of
impartial public norms.
Breeding material should be made available by providing input to private seed retailers from publicly
supported breeding and conservation programmes
New seed systems should be implemented. The elements of new models for decentralised and privately
operated tree seed systems have been developed and are ready to be put into operation for the benefit
of the many smallholders growing trees on their private lands.
My notes:
Trees on-farm have therefore moved out of the traditional forestry plantation sphere. Compared to traditional tree plantation establishment, this development poses at least three major challenges for the supply of planting material (input supply): (i) Tree products have the potential to become major cash earners for smallholders and there is interest in a much wider array of species and crops, including fruit trees (like mango, avocado and apples), major tropical and subtropical perennial crops (like coffee, cacao, and rubber), as well as a vast number of indigenous species (for which scientific and local knowledge indicates economic potential) and exotic agroforestry species (such as fodder shrubs and timber trees). (ii) Delivery of planting material to large numbers of smallholders requires logistics different from what is needed for plantation forestry. For smallholder agroforestry, sources of reproductive material as well as delivery networks need to be decentralised in order to reach the smallholders interested in planting. (iii) If smallholders are to be integrated into value chains for tree products then demand from smallholders for planting material should be linked to demand from customers for agroforestry products. Efficient value chains for agroforestry products have to encompass efficient input supply chains.

6. Key Problems: Management Natural Resources
over-centralization of tree seed supply at national levels
inadequate tree germplasm conservation programs (national and international)
scarcity of tools and practices for on-farm tree propagation and management
low regional coordination in introduction, testing and release of tree germplasm.
scarcity of well-documented,
characterized and comprehensive
tree germplasm collections for
domestication and conservation

7. ICRAF’s INNOVATIVE APPROACH: the Participatory Tree Domestication

8. Participatory Tree Domestication (PTD)
Put simply PTD refers to:
The means communities select, propagate and manage high-value indigenous fruit trees and medicinal plants and integrate them in the various farming systems,
Species for domestication are mainly selected encompassing indigenous knowledge and genetic selection based on scientific principles
A strong partnership is developed with scientists, civic authorities and private companies.
PTD is a farmer driven and market lead process. It focuses on species farmers consume best with high potentials for local, regional and international markets

9. Tree species domesticated in the West African Sahel
- Parkia biglobosa (néré) - Vitellaria paradoxa (shea butter) - Ziziphus mauritiana (Sahel apple) - Adansonia digitata (baobab) - Tamarindus indica (tamarind) - Faidherbia albidia (gao or cad)

10. How to multiply the selected species: rooting cuttings

12. Case studies in the Sahel

13. How to multiply the selected species: air layering

16. Collectives action / Group Sales
Njansang Examples
Collectives action / Group Sales
Sensitization
Meetings
Group Dynamics
Improve harvest
and post-harvest
techniques
Guarantee
Funds
Farmer Enterprise Development In Cameroon
Farmers
Building linkages
between farmers
and traders
Workshop & Training
Market Survey

17. Cycle of Tree domestication
Tree nurseries
Selection and cultivar dev.
Traders
Processing and Exporting Enterprises
Tree producers
Consumers
Info on desired fruit characteristics
Consumer preferences

18. The contribution of the use of P. biglobosa to household income
Each household used a monthly average of 14.4 kg of seeds and 10.6 kg of pulp.
P. biglobosa contributed to 53% to family net income throughout the production period

19. Summary
Participatory Tree Domestication help farmers to acquire vegetative propagation techniques therefore plant early fruiting materials of known characteristics
It helps to circumvent the lack of sounded seeds for any regeneration thus the participation of farmers to Green Great Wall by planting high-value indigenous fruit trees and medicinal plants.
Marketing of agroforestry products helps to improve livelihood of local population. But we need to plant the right tree at the right place.

20. The right tree for the right place
1. Trees for Products
fruit
firewood
medicine
income
sawnwood
fodder
2. Trees for Services
soil
fertility
carbon
sequestration
soil
erosion
watershed
protection
shade
biodiversity

21. MANY THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION