1. HEL: TRANSITION FROM OE
Written Old English

2. HEL: TRANSITION FROM OE
Written Old English
Presence of Norse increases grammatical confusion in the spoken language
But not significantly in the written language

3. Confusion of the endings –an, -on, -en, -um
Examples of grammatical mistakes in manuscripts towards the end of the Old English period
Confusion of the endings
–an, -on, -en, -um
website

4. Ic wille, þæt gé hám ríden – present subjunctive
Examples of grammatical mistakes in manuscripts towards the end of the Old English period
Ic wille on þǽm hors hám rídan - verb infinitive
I want to ride home on that horse 
Wé ridon tó wuda - past plural
We rode to the wood
Ic wille, þæt gé hám ríden – present subjunctive
I want you (pl) to ride home (I want that you ride ...)
Hé hæfð þæt hors swíðe geriden - past participle
We have ridden the horse hard
Wé ridon on hwítum horsum - dative plural
We rode on white horses
website

5. Ic wille, þæt gé hám rídan – present subjunctive
Examples of grammatical mistakes in manuscripts towards the end of the Old English period
Ic wille on þǽm hors hám rídan - verb infinitive
I want to ride home on that horse 
Wé ridan tó wuda - past plural
We rode to the wood
Ic wille, þæt gé hám rídan – present subjunctive
I want you (pl) to ride home (I want that you ride ...)
Hé hæfð þæt hors swíðe geridan - past participle
We have ridden the horse hard
Wé ridan on hwítan horsan - dative plural
We rode on white horses
website

6. In Godes name ich Aþelstan God gyuing kyng welding eal Brytone mid alle mine wytene & alle biscope of þan kinedome of Engelonde gelad by þe pricingge of ðe Haly Goste grantye and confirmye by ðisse minre chartre for me and for þe kingges of Engelonde ðæt comeþ æfter me ene and euere ich tille Gode and sainta Marian and sainte Michaele, sainte Sampsone and sainte Branwaladre [XXVI] hyde londes æt Muleburne mid ðan þæt ðereto liþ.
(Æþelstan regn )
a1250 (?939)
W. D. G. Birch, Cartularium Saxonicum, a Collection of Charters Relating to Anglo-Saxon History, 3 vols. (1885, 1887, 1893)

7. Examples of grammatical mistakes in manuscripts towards the end of the Old English period
Written Old English
From the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle:

8. 1053 On þisum geare wæs se cyning on Winceastre on Eastran
Examples of grammatical mistakes in manuscripts towards the end of the Old English period
From the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle:
1053 On þisum geare wæs se cyning on Winceastre on Eastran
Translation of this and the next slides can be found at

9. 1081 On þisum geare se cyng lædde fyrde in to Weala
Examples of grammatical mistakes in manuscripts towards the end of the Old English period
From the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle:
1081 On þisum geare se cyng lædde fyrde in to Weala

10. Examples of grammatical mistakes in manuscripts towards the end of the Old English period
From the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle:
1096 On þison geare heold se cyng Wilelm his hired to Xpes mæssan on Windlesoran

11. 1122 On þis geare wæs se king Heanri on Cristes mæssan on Northwic
Examples of grammatical mistakes in manuscripts towards the end of the Old English period
From the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle:
1122 On þis geare wæs se king Heanri on Cristes mæssan on Northwic

12. 1137 Ðis gear for þe king Stephne ofer sæ to Normandi
Examples of grammatical mistakes in manuscripts towards the end of the Old English period
From the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle:
1137 Ðis gear for þe king Stephne ofer sæ to Normandi

13. NORSE LOANWORDS
Written Old English
Written Old and Middle English

14. NORSE LOANWORDS Written Old and Middle English
Old Norse loanwords begin to enter the spoken language
Old Norse loanwords begin to enter the written language

15. NORSE LOANWORDS The French had arrived! spoken written
Why the difference?
The French had arrived!
What had happened in the meantime?

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