1. WORLD WAR I

2. The First World War: When? What?
War involving nearly all the nations of the world
When? 2 2

3. The First World War: Who? Central Powers: (Axis) Entente: (Allies)
Germany(Kaiser Wilhelm)
Austria-Hungary
(Franz Ferdinand)
Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria
Russia (Nicolas II Last Czar of Russia)
France (Georges Clemenceau)
Great Britain (Lloyd George)
Italy
Japan
United States (1917)
(Woodrow Wilson) 3 3

5. Causes of World War I
MILITARISM – creation of large powerful militaries and stockpiling weapons
ALLIANCE SYSTEM – nations pledge to protect and support each other
IMPERIALISM – when a stronger nation takes over a weaker nation (to gain $, power, respect)
NATIONALISM – pride or love for one’s nation

6. The Spark of World War I
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie

7. The Assassin- Gavrilo Princip - 1914
Member of the Black Hand (secret society)
Lived in Serbia and hated that Austria-Hungary was trying to take over

8. THE ASSASSINATION OF THE ARCHDUKE
Shot Rings Throughout Europe

9. Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia…
Little do they know Allies are waiting in the wings (?)
Propaganda like this was recruiting allied soldiers

10. WWI extremely difficult on Western Front due to trench warfare

11. No smiling and relaxed faces…
No clean uniforms…
Their equipment is scattered everywhere…
Boredom and sleep are obvious…

13. The soldiers had very little decent food, and what food they had was often attacked by rats.
These rats were the size of small rabbits and badgers because they had fed on the decomposing bodies of dead soldiers.

14. Trench Foot

15. No Man’s Land The area between trenches of opposing armies
Covered with barbed wire, mines, and fallen soldiers

16. Movie Clip Legends of the Fall

17. Why was WWI so devastating
Why was WWI so devastating? Introduction of new weapons never seen before.

18. Aircraft

19. Poisonous Gas
This war was also the first to use chlorine and mustard gas. The German army was the first to use chlorine in 1915.
French soldiers had not come across this before and assumed that it was a smoke screen. It has a distinctive smell – a mixture of pepper and pineapple – and they only realized they were being gassed when they started to have chest pains and a burning sensation in their throats!
Death is painful – you suffocate!

20. British soldier wearing gas mask

22. The effects of mustard gas

23. German U-Boats

25. Death, Recovery of Bodies, & Burial

26. Mass Devastation

27. Germans go through Belgium to get to France
****Germans go through Belgium to get to France**** Stone bridge blown up by Belgians

28. Ruins of France

29. Why did it take so long for America to get involved in the war?
America was isolationist
“Why should I get involved in someone else’s problems” 29 29

30. Is isolationism really an option for a country as powerful as the United States?30 30

31. Which side should the US pick?
Central Powers:
Allies:
11 million German-Americans
Irish-Americans hated Great Britain
Close cultural ties
Shared transatlantic cables (so censored stories)
Big business loaned much $ to allies
US Exports to both sides: 31 31

32. What did it take to get the US involved?
1. Blockades
Britain blockaded (stopped) all German ships going to America
Germany announced a submarine war around Britain
Y-53 German Submarine 1916 32 32

33. What did it take to get the US involved?
2. Sinking of the Lusitania
Lusitania torpedoed, sinking with 1200 passengers and crew (including 128 Americans)
Was eventually found to be carrying 4200 cases of ammunition
German Propaganda Justifying Lusitania sinking 33 33

34. What did it take to get the US involved?
3. Propaganda
The US sharply criticized Germany for their action
Germany agreed not to sink passenger ships without warning in the future
Note in Bottle After Lusitania Disaster 34 34

35. What did it take to get the US involved?
4. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
1917 Germany announced “unrestricted submarine warfare” in the war zone 35 35

36. What did it take to get the US involved?
5. Zimmerman Note
US intercepted a note from Germany to Mexico,
It promised Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona back in return for an alliance 36 36

37. What did it take to get the US involved?
Zimmerman Note + the sinking of 4 unarmed American ships led to a declaration of war 37 37

38. How was the war looking for the allies?
Not Good...
Russia left the war after its communist revolution in 1917
Made it a one front war for Germany - all its troops could concentrate on France 38 38

39. Convincing the American People
Posters - Gee!!
How do you think this poster helped to convince the American people that the war was a good idea? 39 39

40. What did the US do to help?
Supplies:
US provided the food, money, and fresh troops needed to win the war
American Troops March Through London 41 41

41. Convincing the American People
Idealism: 2 Goals For War:
1. War to End All Wars
2. Making the World Safe for Democracy 42 42

42. US Support of the War Consumption
US Food Administration wanted Americans to reduce consumption of key food items
Conservation-Liberty Gardens, “Liberty Cabbage”
Meatless Mondays
Wheatless Wednesday

44. Purchasing War Bonds

45. Joining the Military

46. Working

47. 49 49

48. Espionage Act 1918 It originally prohibited any attempt to interfere with military operations, to support U.S. enemies during wartime, to promote insubordination in the military, or to interfere with military recruitment. The constitutionality of the law, its relationship to free speech, and the meaning of the law's language have been contested in court ever since. obtaining or delivering information relating to "national defense" to a person who was not "entitled to have it" (Spying)

49. Sedition Act of 1918
Forbade the use of "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the United States government, its flag, or its armed forces or that caused others to view the American government or its institutions with contempt. Those convicted under the act generally received sentences of imprisonment for 5 to 20 years.
Both acts resulted in more than a thousand convictions

50. Results of World War I Political Cost Human Cost Economic Cost
Treaty of Versailles
Making Peace

51. Human Cost 8.5 million died in battle 2xs that wounded
6-13 million civilians dead
Over 20 million die of flu worldwide

52. Economic Costs
Homes, farms, factories, roads, churches need to be rebuilt
Rebuilding costs money that countries don’t have plus many have to pay off war debts
So blame Germany and have them pay reparations to all
TOTAL COSTS: Great Britain $55 billion, France $50 billion, Russia $25 billion, Germany $60 billion, Austria-Hungary $25 billion

53. Political Costs
Govts collapsed in Russia, Germany, A-H, and Ottoman Empire
Radicals try to rule and communism spreads
Colonial troops returned home with cynical views of Europeans
Imperial powers were no longer seen as invicible
African and Asian colonies found hope for independence from European control

54. Paris Peace Conference and League of Nations
Allies Paris without Central Powers and Russia
Great Britain, France, US, Italy – each with own demands and interests
Issues concerned countries wanting own control, who to blame, keeping peace
Wilson of USA has 14 Points and is willing to compromise in order to get the League of Nations for world security

55. Treaty of Versailles June 1919 Signed by “big 3” and Germany
New countries formed like Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia…independence for Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia (Baltic Sea countries)
Creation of the League of Nations (No USA)
Punished Germany:
Pay others $ = reparations
Take all blame for the war
Limit military
Give back land taken
No more colonies