1. Chemical Compounds in Cells

2. CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
Elements: simplest form of a substance - cannot be broken down any further without changing what it is
Atom: the actual basic unit - composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons

3. THE ATOM
Just like cells are the basic unit of life, the ATOM is the basic unit of matter.
They are very small. If placed side by side one million would stretch a distance of 1cm.
The atom is made up of 3 particles.
Particle
Charge
PROTON +
NEUTRON
NEUTRAL
ELECTRON -

4. COMPOUNDS
a substance formed by the chemical combination of 2 or more elements in definite proportions
Ex: water, salt, glucose, carbon dioxide
H20
CO2
NaCl
Chemical bonds hold the atoms in a molecule together.

5. H2O A. Chemical Formula Shows: 1 oxygen atom 2 hydrogen atoms
1) elements in the compound
2) ratio of their atoms
H2O
1 oxygen atom
2 hydrogen atoms

6. The cell is a COMPLEX CHEMICAL FACTORY containing some of the same elements found in the nonliving environment.
carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N) are present in the greatest percentages

7. Inorganic - usually "support" life – (not hydrocarbons)
TWO TYPES OF COMPOUNDS
Organic - Contain C, H, and O in some ratio – hydrocarbons (usually referred to as chemicals of life)
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids
Inorganic - usually "support" life – (not hydrocarbons)
Water (H2O), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Salt (NaCl)

8. And now for the Biochemistry portion of things….

9. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
LIPIDS
PROTEINS
NUCLEIC ACIDS
CARBOHYDRATES

10. CARBOHYDRATES
Living things use carbohydrates as a key source of ENERGY!
Plants use carbohydrates for structure (CELLULOSE)
include sugars and complex carbohydrates (starches)
contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

11. Simple sugars all have the formula C6 H12 O6
all have a single ring structure
(glucose is an example)

12. Lipids (Fats) Fats, oils, waxes, steroids
Chiefly function in energy storage, protection, and insulation
Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Tend to be large molecules -- an example of a neutral lipid is below

13. Lipids Fats -- found chiefly in animals
Oils and waxes -- found chiefly in plants
Oils are liquid at room temperature, waxes are solids
Lipids along with proteins are key components of cell membranes

14. PROTEINS Contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Composed of amino acids
It is the arrangement of the amino acid that forms the primary structure of proteins.
There are 20 different amino acids that combine in different orders to form different proteins (like letters in the alphabet)

15. Major Protein Functions
Growth and repair
Energy
Enzymes (help chemical reactions to happen and speed them up)

16. NUCLEIC ACIDS
in all cells
composed of NUCLEOTIDES
store & transmit heredity/genetic information
Two Types: DNA & RNA

17. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
contains the genetic code of instructions that direct a cell's behavior through the synthesis of proteins
found in the chromosomes of the nucleus

18. RNA (ribonucleic acid)
directs cellular protein production
found in ribosomes & nucleoli