1. Absolute Monarch - Louis XIV of France

2. Scientific Revolution Galilei Newton Copernicus

3. Scientific Methods – Experimentation and Observation

4. Questioned traditional View

5. Enlightenment Philosopher - John Locke - Natural Laws

6. John Locke

7. Enlightenment Philosopher - Montesquieu

8. Enlightenment Philosopher – Rousseau- Social Contract and Reason

9. Main Cause of French Revolution : Estate General -Three Estates

10. Causes of the French Revolution

11. Louis XVI - Guillotined

12. Robespierre/Reign of Terror

13. Napoleon – Napoleonic Code
Based on Enlightenment Ideal
Create one law code for France
Often compared with Hammurabi Code, Roman Twelve Tables, and Justinian Code

14. Napoleon Defeated by Russian Winter

15. Latin America - Independence

16. Congress of Vienna – Remade Europe After Napoleon

17. Why Industrial Revolution started in England
Abundant natural resources
Advanced Technology
Surplus of food
Stable economic and political conditions
Irregular coastline
Surplus workers from rural areas
Rivers and extensive canal systems

18. James Watts Invented Steam Engine

19. Marx= Marxism = History is class struggle
Workers will eventually overthrow capitalists
Critical of the Industrial Revolution and its problems
Soviet Union became the world’s first socialist country

20. The Rise of Middle Class /Bourgeois

21. Workers formed Union to Fight for Their Rights

22. Irish Potato Famine

23. Imperialism/ White Man’s Burden

24. German Unification/Bismarck

25. Nationalism - German and Italian Unification