1. South Africa, From apartheid state to ‘rainbow nation’

2. South Africa 1948-94, From apartheid state to ‘rainbow nation’
This option comprises a study in depth of South Africa during its transition from white minority rule to the free elections of 1994, a long, and at times, dramatic process in which South Africa changed from an apartheid state into a multi-racial democracy. Students will gain an in-depth understanding of the creation and consolidation of the apartheid regime by the National Party and the response and methods used by their political opponents in the struggle to overthrow apartheid, as well social, economic and cultural changes that accompanied this process.
Between 1948 and 1994, South Africa was ruled by the Afrikaner National Party, a political movement representing only part of the white population. During this period they imposed policies collectively known as ‘apartheid’ which defined people by race and gave different racial groups different rights. They also pursued a system of authoritarian rule in order to protect white power and Afrikaner identity. Apartheid drew on earlier segregationist policies, which discriminated against those who were not white, but contained important new elements.
From the outset Afrikaner power was opposed, especially by the growing African Nationalist movement. Opposition forces were by no means united. The African National Congress (ANC), founded in 1912, split in 1959 and was banned in Most key leaders were imprisoned on Robben Island or fled into exile. Not until 1990 was it able to operate legally within South Africa again. In its place, Black Consciousness flourished among students and youths, trade unions developed among black workers and a Zulu ethnic movement emerged.
In the 1980s, a United Democratic Front tried to capture the ethos of the old ANC. It was supported at a distance by the ANC in exile. At times both Indian and Coloured South Africans had their own congresses and political groupings. The white opposition was divided between the parliamentary United Party and liberal groups. Those who confronted the Afrikaner state most vehemently suffered repression, banning, imprisonment and even death.
Apartheid was the subject of intense international debate. While the South African government was generally supported, or at least tolerated, by western powers, the anti-apartheid movement was based in Britain. South Africa’s settlement of 1994, which brought together implacably opposed groups, was a triumph for negotiation. In the process, Nelson Mandela emerged as a global leader.

3. What does the course cover?
The option is divided into the following four themes:
Theme 1: The response to apartheid,c1948–59
Theme 2: Radicalisation of resistance and the consolidation of National Party power, 1960–68
Theme 3: Redefining resistance and challenges to National Party power, 1968–83
Theme 4: The end of apartheid and the creation of the ‘rainbow nation’, 1984–94
The response to apartheid,c1948–59
Life in South Africa c1948: race, segregation and discrimination; urbanisation and industrialisation, including township life; rural society; Afrikaner culture and politics; the influence of Britain.
Reasons for the National Party victory 1948, including the impact of the Second World War, the growth of Afrikaner nationalism, and international pressures for change.
Codifying and implementing apartheid, 1948–59:strengthening the National Party; apartheid laws; pass laws and education; the Tomlinson Report and Bantustans; political suppression and the Treason Trial.
African nationalism, 1948–59: political opposition in 1948; the revival of the African National Congress (ANC); the Youth League and the Defiance Campaign; rural resistance; the Freedom Charter; the Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC).
Radicalisation of resistance and the consolidation of National Party power, 1960–68
Resistance to apartheid and government reaction, 1960–61: peaceful protest; the Sharpeville Massacre and its significance; the banning of political parties and the state of emergency.
Creating a republic, 1960–61: Verwoerd’s aims; the significance of Macmillan’s ‘wind of change’ speech; a republic established, 1960–61; leaving the Commonwealth.
African nationalist radicalisation, 1961–68: moves to armed struggle; the ANC and Umkhonto we Sizwe; the PAC and Poqo; the Rivonia Trial and significance for Nelson Mandela; the impact of exile and imprisonment on the ANC and PAC.
Strengthening ‘separate development’, 1961–68: economic recovery, including international investment; developing the Bantustans; diplomatic ties; Vorster’s use of police powers and defence forces.

4. How should you be preparing for this course?
Redefining resistance and challenges to National Party power, 1968–83
Black Consciousness and the Soweto uprising, including: Steve Biko and the South African Students’ Organisation (SASO); the mobilisation of school children; the Soweto Uprising, its significance and suppression. The impact of the death of Steve Biko 1977.
The ANC re-strengthened: decline in the early 70s; internal reorganisation and external legitimacy; the role of Oliver Tambo; the global anti-apartheid movement.
Domestic challenges to National Party power, 1974–83, including political unrest, problems in the Bantustans, National Party division and scandal, economic pressures and the cost of defence commitments.
External pressures on National Party power, 1974–83, including political change in southern Africa, international condemnation and calls for economic sanctions, cultural and sporting boycotts.
The end of
apartheid and
the creation of
the ‘rainbow
nation’,
1984–94
Revolt in the townships, 1984–87: the United Democratic Front and grassroots organisation; protest strategies; communal and government violence; government suppression.
Reasons for Botha’s decision to negotiate, 1985–89, including the failure of Botha’s ‘total strategy’, economic problems and the impact of international isolation, the effect of the state of emergency.
Negotiation and compromise, 1989–91: de Klerk’s new course; the significance of Mandela’s release; the unbanning of political parties; the impact of unrest and violence; the dismantling of apartheid; CODESA 1991.
A new political settlement, 1992–94: CODESA negotiations; nationalist divisions and communal violence; constitutional agreement and elections; the Government of National Unity; international recognition.
How should you be preparing for this course?
You will need to purchase the course textbook, and this is a really good start point. Although we will rely on this book in each of our lessons, this book alone is not enough to get you a good grade at A-Level. The key to History is reading around the subject and expanding your knowledge beyond what we will cover in the classroom.
In the following pages, you will find a topic checklist giving a break down of each of topics you will study in this unit. Begin now to do your own research into these topics so that before we look at them in class, you will already have a basic understanding and begun to have formed your own interpretations.
You will also find a recommended resource list. We have many of these in school which you are welcome and encouraged to borrow at any time, but you might want to consider purchasing your own copies of some of these, so that you can highlight and annotate. Amazon will offer all of these books online and it is worth checking out the cheaper used options they offer. At the end of the 2 year course, the History Department will buy any no-longer needed books from you too.

5. The response to apartheid, c1948–59
Edexcel Paper 2F: South Africa, : From apartheid state to ‘rainbow nation’
Topics
Knowledge
Completed
The response to apartheid, c1948–59
Life in south Africa before 1948
The rise of the National Party and the 1948 election
Apartheid Laws - Race Laws, Group Areas Acts, Sophiatown, Pass Laws, Education
The Tomlinson report and Bantustans
African Nationalism - The ANC and Youth League
The Defiance Campaign
Rural Resistance and the Freedom Charter
The Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC)
Radicalisation of resistance and the consolidation of National Party power, 1960–68
Increase in opposition to apartheid - peaceful protest
The Sharpeville massacre and its significance
The aims of Verwoerd
Macmillan’s ‘wind of change’ speech.
Creation of a South African Republic 1961
Radicalisation of the ANC - armed struggle, uMkhonto weSizwe, Poqo
The Rivonia trial and its significance
Exile and imprisonment of ANC and PAC
South Africa’s economic recovery
Developing the Bantustans
South Africa’s international relations
John Vorster and the increase in police powers
Redefining resistance and challenges to National Party power, 1968–83
Steve Biko and the South African Students’ Organisation (SASO)
Black Consciousness
The Soweto uprising - significance and suppression
The impact of the death of Steve Biko 1977
The activities of the ANC in exile
Global anti-apartheid movement and international boycotts
Political unrest and opposition towards the National Party
Troubles in the Bantustans 1970s
Division of the National Party and the ‘information scandal’
Economic pressures and P. W. Botha’s reforms
Political change in southern Africa - Mozambique, Angola, Namibia, Zimbabwe
International condemnation of the National Party Economic sanctions and political alignments, political prisoners
Causes and significance of revolts in the Townships
Botha’s reforms and ‘total strategy’
The effects of the state of emergency
The path to talks between National Party and ANC
De Kler’s New Course
Freeing Nelson Mandela and unbanning political parties
Negotiations and dismantling apartheid - CODESA
CODESA 2 and violence
Constitutional agreement and elections
Government of National Unity and international recognition

6. Resource List Required course textbook:
Paper 1&2: Searching for rights and freedoms in the 20th century by Rosemary Rees
This will need to be purchased by September 14th 2018 if you are to continue studying History at A-Level. This course book is currently in stock on Amazon, or you can purchase it directly through the publishers: Pearson. Alternatively, school can order the book for you when you start in September, however you will need to inform your teacher so that wisepay can be set up for you to make your payment. Again, once you are finished at the end of the two years you can sell your textbook back to the History Department – condition dependent.
Optional course books:
My Revision Notes: Edexcel AS/A-level History South Africa, 1948–94: from apartheid state to ‘rainbow nation’ by Peter Clements
This revision guide complements the required course textbook, and provides a brief overview of each of the topics that you will need to know for your exams. This guide also has several exam style questions and guidance on how to answer the questions.
Access to History: South Africa, 1948–94: from apartheid state to ‘rainbow nation’ for Edexcel by Peter Clements
A great resource for the background and context of many of the key events you will study this year.
A Short History of South Africa by Gail Nattrass
A detailed overview of the History of South Africa, provides good background understanding of details prior to the beginning of this course, and in depth explanation of the key topics covered in this course
Long Walk to Freedom by Nelson Mandela
An opportunity to understand the key events from the point of view of someone who experienced apartheid and the struggle for freedom and equality in South Africa.

7. Summer Tasks:
You need to complete the following tasks in preparation for studying History A-Level
Purchase the course textbook and begin to read through the section on South Africa. Alternatively, make sure on day 1 you speak to your History teacher and arrange payment for the school to order for you.
Read Chapter 8 from ‘A Short History of South Africa’ and make notes on the rise of nationalism in South Africa
Read Chapter 9 from ‘A Short History of South Africa’ and make notes on the rise of the Afrikaner Nationalist Party

8. Questions? You will have two History teachers during Year 12 and 13.
Miss Cheves will cover the South Africa and British Empire units with you. For any specific questions on these topics you may contact her at:
Miss Seymour will cover the American Dream unit, and your coursework (currently Salem witch trials). For any specific questions relating to these topics you can contact me at: