1. emester One 8.5”x11” sheet for the Final...
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emester

2. Plant can integrate information and make decisions without a central nervous system.

3. Stomata control entry of CO2 and exit of H2O from plant leaves
Fig 10.21
Stomata

4. Stomata on the underside of a leaf

5. Plant can integrate information and make decisions without a central nervous system.
Stomata aperture is affected by many stimuli: light, water, temperature, sugar content, circadian rhythm, CO2 levels…

6. Emergent properties- A complex system that arises from simple interactions of the individual components.
So organisms or groups may have properties that none of the individual components possess.
From: “Emergence” by Steven Johnson (2001)

7. Nerves allow us to perceive the environment while the brain integrates the incoming signals to determine an appropriate response.
Fig 45.18
Response

8. Fig 45.3
Nervous systems can make complex calculations with cells that are on/off (1 or 0)

9. There is no boss in the brain. Nor directions in how to make one.
Fig 45.21
There is no boss in the brain. Nor directions in how to make one.

10. Slime mold aggregation
Fig 29.9

11. Slime mold aggregation
Fig 29.9

12. It has been known for some time that slime mold aggregation occurs via cAMP signaling

13. It was assumed that certain cells (pacemakers) signaled the others to aggregate

14. But, no one could find the pacemakers
single cell

15. Each cell releases cAMP and responds to local conditions
Each cell releases cAMP and responds to local conditions. Cells follow cAMP trail to aggregate with other cells.
cAMP
cAMP
cAMP
cAMP
single cells
cAMP
cAMP
cAMP
cAMP
cAMP
cAMP
cAMP

16. Each cell releases cAMP and responds to local conditions
Each cell releases cAMP and responds to local conditions. Cells follow cAMP trail to aggregate with other cells… self-organizing
cAMP
cAMP
cAMP
cAMP
single cells
cAMP
cAMP
cAMP
cAMP
cAMP
cAMP
cAMP

17. Ant colonies: this is our concept of how an ant colony is organized.

18. The Queen is fed and lays eggs, but gives no orders.

19. So who is in charge?

20. Harvester ant wokers have four distinct tasks that they can perform outside the nest: foraging, patrolling, nest maintenance, and midden work

21. Each ant uses local information to determine what to do
Each ant uses local information to determine what to do. Can do this without central command. With a few simple criteria, the plan comes together.

22. Interaction rate informs harvester ant task decisions
Fig 2. Interaction rate informs harvester ant task decisions. M. Greene D. Gordon. Behavioral Ecology 18:

23. Patroller return rate increases about 30 min
Patroller return rate increases about 30 min. before foragers leave nest
Fig 2. Interaction rate informs harvester ant task decisions. M. Greene D. Gordon. Behavioral Ecology 18:

24. Adding beads (coated in patroller extract) at the correct rate can induce forager activity
Fig 1. Interaction rate informs harvester ant task decisions. M. Greene D. Gordon. Behavioral Ecology 18:

25. Each ant uses local information to determine what to do
Each ant uses local information to determine what to do. Can do this without central command. With a few simple criteria, the plan comes together.

26. Cities:
Before zoning regulations were self-organizing.
-Different zones: industrial, residential, markets, arts, etc.

27. Much of our society is based on emergent properties.

28. Much of our society is based on emergent properties.
Problems can arise as individuals try to manipulate the system.

29. Much of our society is based on emergent properties.
Problems can arise as individuals try to manipulate the system. Google Bombs: Miserable failure directed searchers to the White House biography of G.W. Bush.

30. Not everyone uses the same criteria to make decisions...

31. …Stock Market prices set by what other people think will happen.

32. Much of our society is based on emergent properties:
Democracy- as a group can we make better decisions than an individual?