1. Chapter 12
Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads During the Late Classical Era
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2. Long-Distance Trade and the Silk Roads Network
Lack of police enforcement outside of established settlements
Changed in classical era
Improvement of infrastructure
Development of empires
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3. Hellenistic Trade Networks
Dramatic increase in trade due to Greek colonization
Maintenance of roads, bridges
Discovery of monsoon wind patterns
Increased tariff revenues used to maintain open routes
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4. Trade in the Hellenistic World
Bactria and India
Spices, pepper, cosmetics, gems, pearls
Persia and Egypt
Grain
Mediterranean region
Wine, olive oil, jewelry, art
Development of professional merchant class
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5. The Silk Roads Named for principal commodity from China
Dependent on imperial stability
Overland trade routes from China to Roman empire
Sea lanes and maritime trade as well
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6. The Silk Roads, 200 B.C.E.–300 C.E.
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7. Organization of Long-Distance Trade
Divided into small segments
Trade done in stages
Sea trade
Malay and Indian mariners
Persian, Egyptian, Greek
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8. Spread of Buddhism and Hinduism
Merchants carried religious ideas along Silk Roads
India through central Asia to east Asia
Cosmopolitan centers promoted development of monasteries to shelter traveling merchants
Buddhism became dominant faith of Silk Roads, about 100 B.C.E.–800 C.E.
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9. The Spread of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Christianity, 200 B.C.E.–400 C.E.
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10. Buddhism in China
Originally, Buddhism restricted to foreign merchant populations
Gradually spread to larger population, beginning about fifth century C.E.
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11. Buddhism and Hinduism in Southeast Asia
Sea lanes in Indian Ocean
First century C.E., clear Indian influence in southeast Asia
Rulers called “rajas”
Sanskrit used for written communication
Buddhism, Hinduism increasingly popular faiths
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12. Christianity in the Mediterranean Basin
Gregory the Wonderworker, central Anatolia, third century C.E.
Christianity spread through Middle East, north Africa, Europe
Sizeable communities as far east as India
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13. Christianity in Southwest Asia
Along with Jews and Zoroastrians
Influence of ascetic practices from India
Desert-dwelling hermits, monastic societies
After fifth century C.E., followed Nestorius
Emphasized human nature of Jesus
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14. The Spread of Manichaeism
Mani (216–272 C.E.), devout Zoroastrian
Viewed himself prophet for all humanity
Influenced by Christianity and Buddhism
Dualist
Good vs. evil
Light vs. dark
Spirit vs. matter
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15. Manichaean Ethics Devout: “the elect” Laity: “hearers”
Ascetic lifestyle
Celibacy, vegetarianism
Life of prayer and fasting
Laity: “hearers”
Material supporters of “the elect”
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16. Decline of Manichaeism
Spread through silk routes to major cities in Roman empire
Zoroastrian opposition provoked Sasanid persecution
Mani arrested, died in captivity
Romans, fearing Persian influence, also persecuted
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17. The Spread of Epidemic Disease
Role of trade routes in spread of pathogens
Limited data, but trends in demographics reasonably clear
Smallpox, measles, bubonic plague
Effects: economic slowdown, move to regional self-sufficiency
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18. Epidemics in the Han and Roman Empires
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19. Internal Decay of the Han State
Court intrigue
Problem of land distribution
Large landholders develop private armies
Epidemics
Peasant rebellions
Yellow Turban uprising, 184 C.E.
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20. Collapse of the Han Dynasty
Generals assumed authority, reduced emperor to puppet figure
Alliance with landowners
Han dynasty abolished, 200 C.E.
Replaced by three kingdoms
Increase in immigration of northern nomads
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21. China after the Han Dynasty, 220 C.E.
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22. Sinicization of Nomadic Peoples
Social and cultural changes to Chinese way of life taking place
Nomadic peoples increasingly adapted to Chinese environment
Agriculture
Adoption of Chinese names, dress, intermarriage
Confucian tradition’s loss of credibility
Turn toward Daoism and Buddhism
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23. Internal Decay in the Roman Empire
The “barracks emperors”
For half century, 235–284 C.E., twenty-six claimants to the throne
All but one killed in power struggles
Epidemics
Disintegration of imperial economy in favor of local and regional self-sufficient economies
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24. Diocletian (r. 284–305 C.E.)
Divided empire into two administrative districts
Co-emperors, dual lieutenants
Tetrarchs
Currency, budget reform
Relative stability disappeared after Diocletian’s death, followed by civil war
Constantine emerged victorious by 324 C.E.
Construction of Constantinople
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25. Germanic Invasions Visigoths, influenced by Roman law, Christianity
Formerly buffer states for Roman empire
Attacked by Huns under Attila in fifth century C.E.
Massive migration of Germanic peoples into Roman empire
Sacked Rome in 410 C.E., established Germanic emperor in 476 C.E.
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26. Germanic Invasions and the Collapse of the Western Roman Empire, 450–476 C.E.
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27. Cultural Change in the Late Roman Empire
Growth of Christianity
Constantine’s vision, 312 C.E.
Edict of Milan, 313 C.E., allowing Christian practice
Constantine’s conversion to Christianity
Christianity proclaimed official religion of Roman empire by Emperor Theodosius, 380 C.E.
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28. St. Augustine (354–430 C.E.) Bishop of north African city of Hippo
Experimented with Greek thought, Manichaeism
Conversion to Christianity, 387 C.E.
Major theologian
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29. The New Testament and Orthodox Christianity
Efforts to standardize Christian teachings
Search for clearly defined doctrine
Intense debates about quality, authority of early Christian writings
By late fourth century, near consensus on canonical scriptures: New Testament
Rejection of other writings would influence development of orthodox or correct teaching
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30. The Institutional Church
Church hierarchy established
Bishop of Rome and patriarchs of Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria, Constantinople
Subordinate bishops presided over dioceses
Church councils assembled
Nicaea (325 C.E.); Chalcedon (451 C.E.)
Took up issues such as Jesus’ nature
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