1. April 19, 2011 What is the whole goal of a cell?
Draw a picture of DNA. Label: sugar, phosphate, base, nucleotide, hydrogen bonds

2. April 20, 2011 What is included in one nucleotide?
What are the bases of DNA? RNA?

3. DNA YOUTUBE CLIPS The Secret of Life 2 Watson and Crick DNA Extraction
The Secret of Life - Discovery of DNA Structure
The Secret of Life 2
Watson and Crick
DNA Extraction

4. Central Dogma of Biology
BIG IDEA
DNA  RNA  Protein

5. Protein Synthesis Part 1: Transcription
Overall: DNA is changed into mRNA
(messenger RNA)
Occurs in the nucleus
Remember: DNA cannot leave nucleus b/c it’s too big!

6. Protein Synthesis Part 1: Transcription
Steps
Enzymes unwind and unzip DNA
Must be able to access the nitrogen bases
The order of nitrogen bases determines characteristics of organisms; this is where the genetic info is held!

7. Protein Synthesis Part 1: Transcription
2. mRNA “reads” DNA (enzyme helps bring in nucleotides and bond them together)
Follows base pairing rules: EX
DNA
RNA C G A U T
***There are no T bases in RNA, use Uracil (U) instead
DNA
TAC
AAC
TTG
GCG
TAT
TAA
CGT
mRNA
AUG
UUG
CGC
AUA
AUU
GCA

8. Protein Synthesis Part 1: Transcription
3. SINGLE STRAND mRNA exits nucleus with code; DNA zips and winds back to normal

9. Transcription = making RNA
TRY ONE!
Given DNA CODE
ATG, CCG, TAC, AGA, GTC, TTC
Make a complimentary mRNA Strand.
UAC, GGC, AUG, UCU, CAG, AAG

10. Protein Synthesis Part 2: Translation
Overall: mRNA is changed into protein
Occurs in the cytoplasm &
ribosomes

11. Protein Synthesis Part 2: Translation
Steps
1. mRNA code is “read”
every three bases represents a codon or a triplet
each codon = 1 amino acid
start codon is AUG; anything before the AUG sequence is junk.
EXAMPLE
mRNA: AACUAUGCAAUUAGCAU

12. Protein Synthesis Part 2: Translation
2. tRNA brings in appropriate amino acid (transfer RNA)
has an anticodon that follows the base pairing rules to match mRNA strand
Ex. mRNA codon of AUG has a tRNA anticodon of UAC

15. Protein Synthesis Part 2: Translation
3.translation will stop when it reaches a STOP codon (according to chart)

18. Without transcription or translation, our genetic information would be useless -- a recipe on a page with no way to bake the cake.

19. Protein Synthesis Transcription and Translation
From RNA to Protein Synthesis
Protein Synthesis

20. Language of Genetics Words in DNA/RNA are made up of 3 letters
Ex) AUG, TUC, CCC, GGG, ATG
DNA: A word is called a “code”
mRNA: A word is called a “codon”
tRNA: A word is called an “anti-codon”
Opposite of codon

21. Examples DNA Code – TAC mRNA Codon – AUG tRNA Anti-Codon – UAC
Amino Acid - Methionine
DNA Code – GAC
mRNA Codon – CUG
tRNA Anti-Codon – GAC
AA – Leucine

22. Complete the Process DNA CTTACGGGTTACGCATT mRNA – Break it down to 3’s
(GA)AUG, CCC, AAU, GCG, UAA
tRNA –
(CU)UAC, GGG, UUA, CGC, AUU
AA Chain – Use mRNA and code wheel!
Methionine, Proline, Asparagine, Alanine, Stop

23. Summary DNA code is Transcribed to mRNA codon
mRNA “start” codon (AUG) is Translated and tRNA anticodon attaches
Amino Acids are strung together at Ribosome until “stop” codon is reached
AA strings are Proteins