1. Androgen Receptor Variants and Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer: Looking Back and Looking Forward 
Takuma Uo, Cynthia Sprenger 
European Urology 
Volume 73, Issue 5, Pages (May 2018)
DOI: /j.eururo
Copyright © 2017 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

2. Fig. 1
Androgen receptor (AR) isoforms form homo- and heterodimers. Abiraterone limits the availability of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), while enzalutamide (Enza) antagonizes the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of AR, thus inhibiting the genomic actions of full-length AR (AR-FL). AR variants (AR-Vs) that retain the entire N-terminal domain and DNA-binding domain, may have nuclear localization and be constitutively active, while others may require liganded AR-FL or constitutively active AR-Vs to be localized in the nucleus, and thus exhibit “conditional” activities. The presence of multiple combinations of dimerization may diversify AR signaling, thereby contributing to resistance to current anti-AR therapies.
European Urology  , DOI: ( /j.eururo )
Copyright © 2017 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions