1. AP Psychology
Exam Review

2. How to Write an Essay Answer the questions/terms in order
Do NOT start sentences with your answer!
Do NOT add bullets, numbers, or additional letters
Add trigger words AND define and explain them!

3. Prologue: History and Approaches (2 – 4%)
How psychology developed
Major fields of psychology
Applying fields to other aspects of psychology

4. How Psychology Developed
Overall
Debate between how mind and body work together
Empiricism: knowledge originates in experience- we should do experiments
Wundt: 1st psych laboratory
Titchener: structuralism- introspection
James: functionalism- how mind and body work together to help us flourish

5. Fields of Psychology Psychoanalytical Psychodynamic/Neo Freudian
Cognitive
Social-Cognitive
Behavioral/Learning
Humanistic
Biomedical
Socio-Cultural

6. Psychoanalytical
Overall: how unconscious drives and thoughts influence people
Freud
Repressed unconscious drives
Conflict between Id, Superego, Ego
Childhood/Past

7. Psychodynamic/Neo Freudian
Overall: deals with unconscious, but focuses more on the conscious
Jung
Collective unconscious
Adler
Childhood inferiority
Horney
Childhood anxiety

8. Cognitive
Overall: how our thought processes influence us

9. Social-Cognitive
Overall: how our environment influences our thought process (vice versa)
Bandura
Reciprocal determinism
Other Trigger Words
Locus of Control
Explanatory Style
Self-efficacy
Learned helplessness

10. Behavioral
Overall: how our behaviors are conditioned and learned observations
Pavlov
Classical conditioning (dog)
Watson
Classical conditioning (baby Albert)
Skinner
Operant conditioning (rats)
Bandura
Learned observations (modeling)

11. Humanistic
Overall: how esteem, potential, positive regard, and love influence people
Maslow
Self-actualization
Carl Rogers
Unconditional positive regard
Self-concept

12. Biological Overall: structure and/or chemicals in the brain Wernicke
Language comprehension
Broca
Language speech

13. Socio-Cultural
Overall: how behaviors change through different situations and cultur

14. How the Fields Apply to Other Aspects of Psychology
Personality
Disorders
Therapy

15. Applying Fields to Personality
Our personality is defined by or a result of
Psychoanalytical
Conflicts between Id, Superego, and Ego. (Freud)
Repressed unconscious drives developed in childhood (Freud)
Psychodynamic/Neo Freudian
Our collective unconscious (Jung)
childhood inferiority (Adler)
childhood anxiety (Horney)
Humanistic
Our desire to reach self-actualization (Maslow)
how much unconditional positive regard we have received (Rogers)
Social-Cognitive
Reciprocal determinism (Bandura)
Locus of control, explanatory style, self-efficacy, learned helplessness

16. Applying Fields to Disorders
Psychological disorders are defined by or a result of
Psychoanalytical
Repressed unconscious drives which started in childhood, conflict between Id, Superego, and Ego
Cognitive
Abnormal thoughts
Social Cognitive
Reciprocal determinism, external locus of control, pessimistic explanatory style, or learned helplessness
Behavioral
Learned behaviors, modeled behaviors, symptoms conditioned (either classical or operant)
Humanistic
Lack of unconditional positive regard,
Biomedical
Structural problem or chemical imbalance with the brain
Socio-Cultural
Environment and/or cultural influences

17. Applying Fields to Therapy
Psychological disorders can be treated by/through. . .
Psychoanalytical
Revealing repressed unconscious drives/thoughts
Psychodynamic/Neo Freudian
Cognitive
Changing abnormal thoughts, develop more constructive ways of thinking
Behavioral
Condition away the symptoms, model good behavior
Humanistic
Boost client’s self esteem and help them realize their full potential
Biomedical
Treat the brain abnormalities

18. Nature vs. Nurture This goes with every chapter
Genetics: play a role in many chapters
If parents have it, children likely to have it
Twin studies: if one twin has it, other most likely has it
Biological vs. Adoptive: children are more like their biological parent than their adoptive

19. Ch.1: Research Methods Types of Research Correlation Experimentation
Statistical Reasoning
Ethics

20. Types of Research Case Study Advantage: in depth
Disadvantage: isolated case
Survey
Advantage: large sample
Disadvantage: bias
Naturalistic Observation
Advantages: see how people “really” are
Disadvantages: does not explain behavior
Correlational Study
Advantages: can establish relationship
Disadvantages: does not provide cause and effect
Experiment
Advantages: manipulate variables to provide cause and effect
Disadvantages: human error, bias

21. Correlation Correlation coefficient- measures strength of correlation
Positive correlation- both variables increase or decrease together
Negative correlation- one variable increases, while the other decreases (vice versa)
Scatterplot
Illusory correlation

22. Experimentation Selecting Participants Conducting Experiment
Random Sample: people you choose
Random Assignment: how you assign them to your experiment
Experimental group: receives IV
Control group: does not receive IV, OR receives placebo
Conducting Experiment
Independent variable- thing you add to experiment
Dependent variable- thing you want to change
Blinds- participants don’t know the IV
Double blinds- both participants and experimenters don’t know who gets IV
Placebo- fake “IV”
Placebo effect- just thinking they are receiving IV can lead to an effect
Confounding variables- variables that may alter the results (other than IV)
Operational definitions- list of procedures (allows for replication!)

23. Statistical Reasoning
Types of Research
Descriptive: finding mean, median, mode
Inferential: using mean, median, and mode to draw conclusions
Measures of Central Tendency
Mean: average
Median: middle
Mode: most often
Measures of Variation
Range: gap in between highest and lowest
Standard deviation: how much scores vary from mean
Statistical Significance
95% or greater chance that the difference between groups is NOT due to chance!

24. Normal Distribution/Bell Curve

25. Ethical Considerations
Consent
confidentiality
volunteers only
the right to discontinue
conduct studies that limit stress
debrief/follow up with participants

26. Ch.2: Neuroscience ( Neurons Nervous System Endocrine System
Brain parts
Brain Hemispheres
Studying the brain

27. Parts of the Neuron

28. Neural Communication
Resting potential – Action potential – Refractory period
Polarized – depolarized - polarized

29. Drugs

30. Endocrine System

31. Brain Parts Review all brain parts! ! !
Brain parts that come up in other chapters:
Amygdala- fear
Hypothalamus- hunger, thirst, and sex
Hippocampus- memory
Prefrontal Cortex- memory as you go
Frontal Lobe- main area, speaking, muscle movements, planning

32. Brain Hemispheres Hemispheres: Split-Brain
Left- verbal, math, organized, etc.
Right- creative, spontaneous, fun
Split-Brain
Cannot transfer info to the other hemisphere, because corpus callosum is severed.

33. Studying the Brain MRI’s, Cat scan- structure only
EEG, Pet scan electrical activity,
glucose levels
fMRI- blood flow

34. Ch.4: Development Infancy Adolescence Adulthood Piaget Stages
Kohlberg’s Moral Development
Erickson’s Social Psych Development

35. Infancy: Physical Zygote – embryo – fetus
Teratogens, fetal alcohol syndrome
Maturation
habituation

36. Infancy: Cognitive
Piaget- look at your chart!

37. Infancy: Social Harlow- attachment through body contact (monkeys)
Lorenz- attachment through imprinting (geese)
Ainsworth- secure vs. insecure attachment
Baumrind- authoritarian, permissive, authoritative parenting
Erickson- basic trust

38. Adolescence Physical Cognitive Social
Puberty, primary and secondary sex characteristics
Cognitive
See morality (it mainly develops in adolescence)
Social
See Erickson (identity)

39. Adulthood Physical Cognitive Social
Overall decrease (strength, cognitions, etc.)
Menopause
Alzheimer’s, dementia
Cognitive
Crystallized intelligence- increases
Fluid- decreases
Social
Social clock

40. Moral Development (Kohlberg)
Kohlberg: Refer to your handout
Gilligan- girls morally different than boys (more social)

41. Erikson’s Social Development
Infancy
Trust, autonomy
Adolescence
identity
Adulthood
Intimacy, integrity