1. The Phrase
Chapter 3

2. Chapter 3 Diagnostic - page 64, #1-20
Identify each italicized phrase in the following paragraphs as:
a prepositional phrase
a participial phrase
a gerund phrase
a infinitive phrase
an appositive phrase

3. What is a phrase?
A group of related words that is used as a single part of speech
Does not contain both a verb and its subject
Types of phrases:
Prepositional
Participial
Gerund
Infinitive
Appositive
A group of words with both a subject and verb is a clause

4. Prepositional Phrases
Includes a preposition, the object of the preposition, and any modifiers of that object
Reminder - a preposition is a word that shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to another word
List on page 24
Examples:
A koala is a marsupial, a mammal with an external abdominal pouch.
To me a koala looks like a cuddly teddy bear.
Koalas, along with several other marsupials, are native to Australia.
Reminder: the object of the preposition may be compound
Koalas feed on only eucalyptus buds and leaves.

5. Adjective Phrases
A prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or pronoun
Tells what kind or which one
Examples:
We ordered a dish of salsa and a basket of tortilla chips.
No one in the class has seen the movie yet.
Two or more adjective phrases may modify the same noun/pronoun
The picture of their candidates in today’s newspaper is not at all flattering.
An adjective phrase may also modify the object of another prepositional phrase
The coconut palms in the park near the bay were planted a long time ago.
Exercise 1, page 66 - identify the adjective phrase and the word it modifies

6. Adverb Phrases
A prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, adjective, or an adverb
Examples:
The mole burrowed under the lawn.
Althea Gibson was graceful on the tennis court.
The child speaks quite clearly for a two-year-old
Adverb phrases tell when, where, why, how, or to what extent (how much, how long, how for)
May come before or after the words they modify
In the first inning she pitched with great control.
Exercise 2, page identify the adverb phrase and the word/word group it modifies

7. Verbals and verbal phrases
Verbals are formed from verbs and are used as adjectives, nouns, or adverbs
Participle
Gerund
Infinitive
Verbal phrase = verbal + modifiers + complements

8. The participle Verb form that can be used as an adjective
Present participles
End in -ing
The smiling graduate posed for the photographer. (Smiling is a verb, but it describes graduate)
Standing and applauding, the audience cheered the cast of the musical.
Past participles
End in -d or -ed
For dinner we prepared grilled salmon, baked potatoes, and tossed salad.
For years the treasure had remained hidden under tons of fallen rock. (hidden from hide and fallen from fall)

9. The participle
Don’t confuse a participle used as an adjective with a verb
The shrimp gumbo, simmering on the stove, smelled delicious. (adjective)
The shrimp gumbo was simmering on the stove. (verb phrase)
Participial phrases
Participle + any modifiers + complements
The entire phrase is used as an adjective
Climbing the tree, the monkey disappeared into the branches. (modifies monkey)
I heard him whispering to his friend. (modifies him)
The concert scheduled for tomorrow at the park has been postponed. (modifies concert)
When placed at the beginning of a sentence, the participial phrase is followed by a comma
Exercise 4, page Identify the participial phrase and the word(s) it modifies
Review B, page Identify the participial phrase and the word(s) it modifies

10. The Gerund A verb form that ends in -ing and is used as a noun
Examples:
Reading will improve your vocabulary.
One popular summer sport is swimming.
Both Dad and Mom enjoy cooking together.
Before she decided to become a lawyer, she had given teaching thoughtful consideration.
After studying, how do you relax?

11. The Gerund Phrase Gerund phrase = gerund + modifiers/complements
Examples:
The sudden shattering of glass broke the silence.
One of my chores in the summer is mowing the lawn.
She enjoys hiking in the mountains occasionally.
A noun/pronoun directly before a gerund should be in the possessive case
Eli’s dancing won him first prize in the contest.

12. Classwork - Gerunds Exercise 5, page 75
Identify the verbal and tell if it is a gerund (noun) or participle (adjective)
If it is a gerund - tell if it is a subject, predicate nominative, direct object, indirect object, or object of the preposition
If it is a participle - tell which word it modifies

13. The Infinitive
A verb form that can be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb
Most infinitives begin with to
to + verb
Nouns:
His dream is to travel.
Betty wants to act.
Adjectives:
The candidate to believe is Villegas.
She is the one to ask.
Adverbs:
Grandmother is coming to visit.
The favored team was slow to score.
Don’t confuse with prepositional phrases to + noun/pronoun

14. The Infinitive Phrase
Consists of an infinitive + modifiers/complements
Entire phrase can be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb
Examples:
To hit a curveball solidly is very difficult. (noun)
She wants to study marine biology. (noun)
His efforts to trace his ancestry led to greater appreciation of his heritage. (adjective)
I found his explanation difficult to accept. (adverb)
Sometimes “to” is omitted
Did you watch her [to] play volleyball?
He will help us [to] paddle the canoe.

15. Classwork - Infinitives
Exercise 7, page 78
Identify the infinitives and tell how each is used
Subject, predicate nominative, direct object, adjective, or adverb
Exercise 8, page 79
Identify the infinitive phrases and tell how each is used

16. Classwork - Review Page 80 - Review C Page 80-81 - Review D
Identify the verbal phrases in the following paragraph
Tell whether each is a participial phrase, gerund phrase, or infinitive phrase
Participle = adjective
Gerund = noun
Infinitive = noun, adjective, or adverb
Page Review D

17. Appositives
A noun or pronoun placed beside another noun or pronoun to identify or describe it
Gives more information about the noun
Examples:
My cousin Bryan is my best friend. (identifies cousin)
Our football team has won its first two games, one by three points and the other by six. (identifies games)
Soledad, a cautious driver, has never had an automobile accident. (describes Soledad)
Appositive phrase = appositive + modifiers
The Vescuzos live on Milner Lane, a wide street lined with beech trees.
Sometimes the appositive phrase precedes the noun.
A diligent and quick-witted student, Mark always got good grades.

18. Appositives
Appositives that are not essential to the meaning of the sentence are set off by commas
An appositive telling which one of two or more is essential and should not be set off by commas
Examples:
Is Karen’s sister, Marcia, also a sophomore? (if Karen only has one sister)
Jorge’s sister Selena is a sophomore. (If Jorge has more than one siser)

19. Classwork - Appositives
Exercise 9, pages 82-83
Identify the appositive or appositive phrase in each sentence and give the word it identifies or describes

20. Grammar Chapter 3 Review
Review E, page 83
Identify the verbal and appositive phrases, and identify each as a participial phrase, gerund phrase, infinitive phrase, and an appositive phrase
Chapter review B - page 85-86
Identify the participial phrases and participles that are used as adjectives
Give the noun or pronoun that it modifies

21. Grammar chapter 3 review
Chapter review C - page 86
Identify each italicized phrase as a prepositional, participial, gerund, infinitive, or appositive phrase
Chapter review D - page 86-87