1. The government plans to introduce a new sugar tax which would make products high in sugar more expensive. Evaluate the usefulness of a sugar tax.

2. Levels Expected responses Level 3
At least two advantages and disadvantages of the sugar tax and a conclusion which clearly states whether they believe it is overall a good or bad idea, with reasoning
Level 2
At least two advantages and disadvantages of the sugar tax
Level 1
At least one advantage and one disadvantage or two advantages or disadvantages
Level 0
Insufficient or irrelevant science. Answer not worthy of credit.
(0 marks)
Advantages
Could reduce the number of obese people
Could reduce the number of people with type 2 diabetes
Could cut a lot of costs to the NHS
Disadvantages
Taking away peoples freedom to choose what they eat
People could still buy them anyway
Overall health of people in the country might not improve/there’s no evidence that it will work

3. Why might the damage caused to the ciliated epithelium lead to a smokers cough? (5)

4. Award one mark each for:
(Particulates) damage the ciliated epithelium
The goblet cells produce mucus
Mucus traps any pathogens trying to enter
The ciliated epithelium/cilia won’t be able to waft the mucus up
Mucus gets trapped in the airways
People would have to cough to get the mucus out

7. Explain why Diplocarpon rosae (black spot) hinders the growth of roses [6]

8. Level 1 [1-2]
Simple statements are made, but not precisely. The logic is unclear
Less photosynthesis because of a lack of chlorophyll
Therefore less glucose would be made
Less energy released for growth
Because glucose is needed for respiration
Less amino acids/proteins/cellulose made for growth
Glucose is needed to make amino acids/proteins/cellulose
Amino acids/proteins needed for growth
Cellulose needed for new cell walls
Level 2 [3-4]
Coherent explanation is provided, the student makes logical, but basic, links between TMV and stunted growth
Level 3 [5-6]
Coherent explanation is provided, the student makes logical links between TMV and stunted growth

10. Levels Expected responses Level 3
There is a good description of pathogens and the immune response with very few errors or omissions (5-6 marks)
Level 2
There is a description of pathogens and the immune response with some errors or confusion or a clear description of either pathogens or the immune system with few errors or little confusion(3-4 marks)
Level 1
There is a description of pathogens with errors or roles confused or the immune response with errors or roles confused(1-2 marks)
Level 0
Insufficient or irrelevant science. Answer not worthy of credit.
(0 marks)
Bacteria and viruses are pathogens
They reproduce rapidly inside the body
Bacteria may produce poisons/toxins (that make us feel ill)
Viruses live (and reproduce) inside cells (causing damage)
Ingesting pathogens/bacteria/viruses
Producing antibodies
To destroy particular/specific pathogens
Producing antitoxins
To counteract toxins (released by pathogens)
This leads to immunity from that pathogen

11. Describe how antibiotics and painkillers could be used in conjunction to help treat a bacterial disease [6]

12. Antibiotics destroy the cause of the illness
Levels
Expected responses
Level 3
A clear logical and coherent answer with no significant redundancy. The student understands the process and links this to reasons for clinical trials(5-6 marks)
Level 2
A partial answer with errors and ineffective reasoning or linkage (3-4 marks)
Level 1
One or two relevant points but little linkage of points(1-2 marks)
Level 0
Insufficient or irrelevant science. Answer not worthy of credit.
(0 marks)
Antibiotics stop bacterial infections where and the painkillers stop your body from feeling pain.
Antibiotics destroy the cause of the illness
Bacteria cause the symptoms of disease by releasing toxic chemicals which damage your cells
The symptoms of a bacterial infection may be painful
Painkillers stop nerve impulses from getting to your brain to prevent you from feeling pain.
Antibiotics destroy bacteria by interfering with cellular processes, like preventing them from making cell walls

16. Preclinical trials of the new drugs on cells/tissues/live animals
Levels
Expected responses
Level 3
A clear logical and coherent answer with no significant redundancy. The student understands the process and links this to reasons for clinical trials(5-6 marks)
Level 2
A partial answer with errors and ineffective reasoning or linkage (3-4 marks)
Level 1
One or two relevant points but little linkage of points(1-2 marks)
Level 0
Insufficient or irrelevant science. Answer not worthy of credit.
(0 marks)
Preclinical trials of the new drugs on cells/tissues/live animals
To test toxicity, dosage and efficacy
Clinical trials/test on healthy volunteers and Ebola patients at very low doses
So that you can monitor for safety/side effects
And only then do trials to find the optimum dosage and test for efficacy
Double blind trial/use of placebo
Which does not contain the new drug
Random allocation of Ebola patients to groups
So no one knows who has placebo or new drug
Peer review data
To help prevent false claims